Martin Luther King, Jr. Day on the Net - Did You Know? Three Decades in the Civil Rights Movement: From 1941 to 1972

Did You Know?
Three Decades in the Civil Rights Movement: From 1941 to 1972

Did you know that in 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order banning discrimination by government defense contractors? This order marked the first time in history that the U.S. federal government acknowledged and acted against racial discrimination in hiring practices. It also marked the beginning of a series of national, state and grassroots actions, which changed the face of race relations in America forever.

Did you know that in 1946 President Harry S. Truman created the President's Committee on Civil Rights, which was the first time the federal government had acknowledged racial discrimination as a national problem? In that same year, the U.S. Supreme Court banned racial discrimination on interstate buses.

Did you know that the first Freedom Ride took place in 1947? Organized by CORE, the Congress of Racial Equality, Freedom Riders were black passengers traveling on buses throughout the South as a test of the Supreme Court decision banning segregation on interstate travel. Also in 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black major league athlete when he was hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team.

Did you know that in 1948 the U.S. Armed Forces was ordered by President Harry Truman to integrate all of its units? Until this order, the Armed Forces had maintained separate units for black and white soldiers. Also in 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that using race as a reason to bar persons from owning property was unconstitutional.

Did you know that in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racial discrimination in public schools was unconstitutional? In its landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the Court ordered that black pupils be admitted to public schools with "all deliberate speed." That order was not carried out for three more years.

Did you know that on December 1, 1955, a seamstress named Rosa Parks refused to vacate her seat for a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama city bus? She was arrested -- an event that would spark the boycott of the city's segregated bus lines.

The bus boycott was a Herculean effort spearheaded by Martin Luther King, Jr. and participated in by the entire black community of Montgomery. After nearly twelve months, the boycott ended with an historic decision by the Supreme Court requiring the city to fully desegregate its municipal bus lines. King's involvement in the boycott catapulted him onto the national stage, where for more than a decade he led the civil rights movement in non-violent protest.

Did you know that in 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce the Supreme Court ruling of three years earlier, which had declared segregated schools as unconstitutional. The troops were assigned to protect the rights of nine black students attempting to attend Central High School.

Did you know that in 1960, the first sit-in of a lunch counter was launched by black college students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College? This form of non-violent protest quickly spread throughout the South.

Did you know that in 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity? In that same year, the first black students were admitted to the University of Georgia.

Did you know that in 1962, civil rights organizers launched a massive voter registration campaign within the black community in Mississippi? The effort was largely unsuccessful, due to poll taxes and reading tests that were still in place in Mississippi and other Southern states to bar blacks from voting.

Also in 1962, James Meredith, a black college student from Mississippi, won his Supreme Court case to be granted admission to the University of Mississippi. Federal troops were sent by President Kennedy to protect Meredith and ensure his full enrollment.

Did you know that on June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers, a field secretary for the National Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was shot in the back on his way home from a meeting. Evers was the first of many prominent civil rights activists assassinated by segregationists in the 1960s. Evers' death motivated President Kennedy to call on Congress to pass a comprehensive civil-rights bill.

Did you know that in August, 1963, two months after Evers' assassination, Martin Luther King Jr. led more than a quarter of a million people in the March on Washington for Civil Rights? The march culminated with King's famous "I Have a Dream" oration.

Did you know that in November of that same year, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, leaving the Civil Rights Movements in a state of shock and desperation?

Did you know that in 1964, President Johnson signed into law the nation's first comprehensive Civil Rights Act, which President Kennedy had called for less than a year earlier? The Act made racial exclusion from public facilities such as restaurants and hotels illegal in all 50 states.

Did you know that in 1965, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which cleared the way for the massive registration of blacks in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina? Within just two years, more than half of all eligible black voters in those states were registered.

Did you know that in 1967, the first black justice, Thurgood Marshall, was appointed to the Supreme Court? Also in that year, race riots erupted in major cities like Detroit, Michigan and Newark, New Jersey. Simultaneously, the cities of Cleveland, Ohio and Gary, Indiana elected their first black mayors.

Did you know that on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee? The shot that rang out on the Memphis sky led to riots across the country and prompted many in the civil rights movement to adopt a change in their commitment to non-violence.

Did you know that in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that busing children outside their district in order to desegregate schools was constitutional? Many see this decision as the "bite" behind the "bark" of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling that found segregated public schools unconstitutional.

Did you know that in 1972, Congress passed the Equal Opportunity and Employment Act, which prohibited job discrimination on the basis of race, religion or gender? In 1974, the city of Detroit, Michigan created the first affirmative action hiring program in an attempt to balance the racial composition of its local police.

Sources:

March Towards Equality, Significant Moments in the Civil Rights Movement, U.S. State Department

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

The "I Have a Dream" Speech

Medgar Evers

Civil Rights Act, 1964

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