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† CHURCH LITURGICALCHISELLED BRONZE PAX / KISS of PEACE18TH CENTURYMULTI RELIQUARY 4 RELICSDNJC / BVM / ST ANNE / ST JOSEPHVATICAN WAX SEALED from ITALY †
FRENCH ANTIQUESVisitez ma Boutique : La Galerie de l Alpe
policy prohibits the sale of human remains and requires a disclosure of what the relics are: these relics are a piece of Clothes, which are allowed by
Ex Cunis D.N.I.C./HOLY CRIB Our Lord Jesus Christ.DOMINI NOSTRI JESU CHRISTI.Ex Velo V.M./HOLY SHROUD Virgin Mary.BLESSED VIRGIN MARY.S. Annae Mater/ST ANNE Mother.GRANDPARENTS / CANADA PATRON.S. Iosephi Sp./ST JOSEPH Husband.CATHOLIC CHURCH / CANADA PATRON.
DIMENSIONS:260 mm X 110 mm X 60 mmGALLERY PICTURESFREE SHIPPING WORLD WIDEFREE SHIPPING WORLD WIDE
OTHERS RELIQUARIESOTHERS B.M.V
OTHERS D.N.J.C.Pax (liturgical object)
Ivory pax withCrucifixion, Germany or France, 15th centuryNorthern Italy, c. 1480, Glass, paint, gilt, copper, metal foil, 10.16 cm highPax including aplaquettebyValerio Belli, 1520s

Thepaxwas an object used in theMiddle Agesand Renaissance for theKiss of Peacein theCatholic Mass. Direct kissing among the celebrants and congregation was replaced by each in turn kissing the pax, which was carried around to those present. The form of the pax was variable but normally included a flat surface to be kissed. Often the pax was held out with a long handle attached, and it seems to have been given a wipe with a cloth between each person. Some paxes are very elaborate and expensive objects, and most survivals fall into this class, but the great majority were probably very simple wood orbrasspieces. It was usual to include an image, usually of or including theVirgin MaryorJesus Christ.[1]

The pax began to replace actual kisses in the 13th century, apparently because of a range of concerns over the sexual, social and medical implications of actual kissing. It is first documented in England, and the 17th-century historian of the Mass, CardinalGiovanni Bona, associated the introduction with theFranciscan Order. The person holding the pax said \"Pax tecum\" and received the response \"Et cum spiritu tuo\" (\"Peace to you\", \"And with your spirit\"). The pax gradually fell out of general use, though theCatholic Encyclopediain 1911 said it was still practised when \"prelates and princes\" were involved, but \"not to others except in rare cases established by custom\".[2]In the 20th century the physical kiss, now more often a handshake, was revived in the Mass.

Names[edit]

Pax was the Latin name, withosculatoriumandinstrumentum pacisas alternatives. Pax was also used in English, in which they were also called apax boardandpax-brede, or \"paxbrede\". Another Latin term waspacificale, still sometimes used in Italian and German.[3]In art history the modern term \"pax tablet\" may be used, especially by church historians, where art historians mostly favour \"pax\".[4]\"Osculatory\" is used in some 19th-century sources,[5]and some claim that this refers to a pendant form, worn round the neck by the priest. This does not appear in most modern scholarship, though given a one-line entry byOxford Art Online.[6]Translators unfamiliar with the concept may introduce still further names into English.Kusstafel(\"kiss-board\") is one of the German names.

History[edit]

The Kiss of Peace was included in the Mass of the Western Church from the 2nd century at least, and the Eastern Church had its equivalent. The kiss was only supposed to be exchanged between members of the same sex, but numerous references to inter-sex kissing show that this continued to be a possibility.[7]An exception to this was theNuptial Massfor weddings, where the priest kissed the bridegroom, who then kissed the bride.[8]Other exceptions were masses in the days beforeEaster, when the association with the treacherouskiss of Judasmight be too strong, and the Kiss of Peace was omitted entirely.[9]

The pax board, as a substitute for the Kiss of Peace, is first mentioned in 1248 in the statutes of theArchbishop of York, and seems to have been an English invention, perhaps restricted to England until the next century. The statutes of asynodof theDiocese of Exeterin 1287, and an inventory ofSaint Paul\'s Cathedralin London of 1297 provide the next mentions. By 1328 the post-mortem inventory of the possessions of QueenClementia of Hungary, widow of KingLouis X of France, included \"ung portepais d\'argent\" (\"a silver pax\").[10]

Early texts of the major workRationale divinorum officiorumbyGuillaume Durand,Bishop of Mendein southern France,[11]which was circulating from 1286, do not mention the pax. But the first vernacular translation, in French from 1382, has an inserted mention of \"la paix porter\".[12]A synod inPraguein 1355 is the first mention from theHoly Roman Empire; the synod recommended that the pax should be introduced if congregations were reluctant to exchange actual kisses.[13]Other evidence, including surviving paxes, shows it spread at least to Italy, Germany and Spain, and was probably standard in Western European churches by the Reformation.[14]

InProtestantismthe pax, and all thought of actual kisses was abandoned as useless and undesirable symbolic distractions from faith, although the pax is not singled out for much special disparagement in Protestant polemics. The only exception were theAnabaptists, who instead kissed on meeting both in normal life and at services; this only stiffened the disdain felt by other Protestants.[15]

By about 1600 the use of the Kiss of Peace had declined and changed in Catholic practice as well. No longer regarded as a general ceremony of reconciliation, but as one of greeting those deserving honour, it was now restricted to the clergy and the choir, as well as magistrates and male nobility. It was performed at the beginning ofHigh Mass, whereas the pax board had previously been more often associated with the less ceremonialLow Mass. According to theOratorianliturgical historian Father Pierre Lebrun (1661–1729), the decline in Catholic use was because of the disputes over precedence that it caused.[16]

Another factor may have been that kissing the pax had clearly come to act as a substitute for receiving theEucharistfor many of the faithful, avoiding the need forfastingand other prescribed preparations for Holy Communion.[17]

In modern Catholicism use of the pax is confined to a few religious orders, such as theDominicans,[18]and individual churches.

Cause of disputes[edit]Rococopax of 1726, for the Imperial Chapel of theHofburgPalace inVienna; by this time paxes were largely out of use in ordinary churchesDesign for a pax byE.W. Pugin(d. 1875), showing its handle

As earlier with the actual kiss, the pax was often the cause of bad feeling and sometimes actual violence because the order in which it was kissed, descending down the religious and social hierarchy, gave rise to disputes over precedence.Geoffrey ChaucerinThe Parson\'s Talefrom hisCanterbury Tales, wrote:

And yet is there a private species of Pride that waits first to be greeted ere he will greet, although he is less worthy than that other is, indeed; and also he expects or desires to sit, or else to go before him in the way, or kiss the pax, or be incensed, or go to the offering before his neighbor, and such similar things, beyond what duty requires, indeed, but that he has his heart and his intent in such a proud desire to be made much of and honored before the people.[19]

InThe Wife of Bath\'s TaleChaucer makes it clear that she was just such a person.[20]Christine de Pisancomplained of such behaviour, among women in particular, pointing out that the pax \"is for the little people as much as the big ones\". She recommended just hanging the pax on the wall of the church \"on a nail and let whoever wants to kiss it do so\". This was actually recommended by a synod inSevillein 1512, which said the pax should be fixed rather than carried round the church.Thomas Morealso complained that \"men fall at variance for kissing of the pax\".[21]

The historianEamon Duffyin hisThe Stripping of the Altarsrecounts that:

In 1494 the wardens of the parish of All Saints, Stanyng, presented Joanna Dyaca for breaking the paxbrede by throwing it on the ground, \"because another woman of the parish had kissed it before her.\" On All Saints Day 1522 Master John Browne of the parish of Theydon-Garnon in Essex, having kissed the pax-brede at the parish Mass, smashed it over the head of Richard Pond, the holy-water clerk who had tendered it to him, \"causing streams of blood to run to the ground.\" Brown was enraged because the pax had first been offered to Francis Hamden and his wife Margery, despite the fact that the previous Sunday he had warned Pond, \"Clerke, if thou here after givest not me the pax first I shall breke it on thy hedd.\"[22]

On the other hand, a \"ribald carol\" recounting various flirtatious advances made at mass includes the verse:

\"Jankin at theAgnusbered the pax-brede;He twinkled but said nout, and on my fot he tredeKyrieleison\"[23]As art[edit]

Paxes with elaborate metalwork framing an image in a medium that would withstand kissing and wiping are the sort that have been most likely to survive. Other objects that might seem to have had another purpose, such asplaquettes, ivory panels or small painted enamel plaques, may have been made for a pax. Equally other objects began life as serving some other purpose, and were turned into paxes.[24]Some still have a metal fitting at the rear, either a handle or a slot for a long wooden handle to fit into (a few of these survive). Glass orrock crystalover an image below allowed the image to be kissed repeatedly but not damaged, and enamel also wore relatively well. Carved shell andmother of pearlare sometimes used. Even with a frame paxes are usually less than a foot high, and the images often 4 to 6 inches high. The inventory of the royal treasure of KingRichard II of Englandlists many paxes among its nearly 1,200 items, including two of plain ungilded silver with red crosses, whichJenny Stratfordsuggests were for use inLent. Several record who gave them, or from whom they were seized for offences.[25]

As a type of object that was not quite considered of top importance, the compositions in pax images were very often recycled from another medium such as prints or plaquettes. Gilt-copper is more common than gold in the surrounds, and gems were likely to be glass-paste. But this is also partly an accident of survival; many paxes were made purely of a single piece of silver, with the image inreliefor engraved, but these have rarely survived. If not melted down by the church for funds they were often confiscated by the civil authorities in the late Ancien Régime and Napoleonic period, when a distinction was often made between essential church plate such as chalices and candlesticks, which the church was allowed to keep, and inessential items such as paxes, by then probably no longer in use, which were confiscated. Still more common were copper alloy (brassorbronze) pieces, which were mass-produced (in medieval terms) in late medieval England, though very few have survived. These were cast in one piece, with the image either in the mould or engraved later, and with very similar designs, suggesting the use of pattern books or other models.[26]Some paxes doubled asreliquaries, such as theEberbach Pax, though this contained the lowest sort of \"contact relic\", a medallion blessed by the pope.[27]

From inventories and other records we know that churches very often had two or more paxes, distinguishing between the best, for feast-days and probably typically of metal, and \"ferial\" or everyday ones, probably often in wood. Many churches also had pairs of paxes, one used on each side of the central aisle. A rare medieval wood pax was found under floorboards in a cottage near the church atSandon, Essexin 1910. Dating to about 1500, it has a in a wood frame, once gilded. Only extra space below the image, and traces of a handle fitting on the back, make its purpose clear. Surviving medieval English paxes include only two examples each in silver and wood.New College, Oxfordhas one of the silver ones, of about 1520, with gilded figures in itsCrucifixion, and engraving probably by a foreign goldsmith in London.[28]TheVictoria and Albert Museumhas an Englishrecusantexample in engraved silver from around 1640.[29]

English documentary records during theEnglish Reformation, and especially the brief restoration of Catholic practices in the reign ofMary I of England, record a variety of forms of pax, including some in the 1550s that are clearly improvisations replacing the objects confiscated earlier. In one parish a mass-book with atreasure bindingwas used, at others a small shield with a gentleman\'s coat of arms on, and an object showing \"a nakyd man with the xij sighnes aboute him\".[30]

  • Rear of the German 15th-centuryEberbach Pax, with handle and engraved saints

  • Unusually fancy North Italian pax, including relics, 1434,Trento Cathedral, 33cm high

  • Italian, c. 1500 with Christ as theMan of Sorrows, 18cm high

  • German Late Gothic pax with a relic under glass or crystal, c. 1500

  • Pax with theAnnunciationin shell cameo, gilded silver, copper, enamel. German or Netherlandish shell carving (c. 1500), setting probably Italian(c.1500–1520)

  • Ivory pax withCrucifixion, Netherlandish, 1500-10

  • Late Gothic pax fromMaastricht, the image under crystal or glass

  • 16th-century cast copper pax, Italian

  • PaintedLimoges enamel, 1520-40 byNardon Pénicaud, 8.3cm high

  • Italian, painted enamel and gilt-copper frame, early 16th century. The main image after aplaquette. 19cm high

  • Side view of a pax showing the handle

  • Mother of pearlmedallion, after a print byMaster E.S., c. 1480, mounted in silver as a pax in 17th century


Jesus
This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. For other uses, seeJesus (disambiguation).\"Christ\" redirects here. For the Christian theological concept of the Messiah, seeChrist (title). For other uses, seeChrist (disambiguation).JesusChrist Pantocratormosaic inByzantine style, from theCefalù Cathedral,Sicily,c.1130Bornc. 4 BC[a]
Herodian Tetrarchy,Roman Empire[5]Diedc. AD 30/33[b]
(aged 33–36)
Jerusalem,Judea,Roman EmpireCauseof style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-image: style=\"margin: 0px; display: inline;\">Mary
  • Joseph[d]
  • Part ofa seriesonJesus in Christianity[show]Jesus in Islam[show]Background[show]Jesus in history[show]Perspectives on Jesus[show]Jesus in culture[show]
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    Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree thatJesus existed historically,[g]although thequest for the historical Jesushas produced little agreement on thehistorical reliability of the Gospelsand on how closely the biblical Jesus reflects thehistorical Jesus.[22][23][24]Jesus was aGalileanJew[13]who wasbaptizedbyJohn the Baptistand subsequently beganhis own ministry, preaching his messageorally[25]and often being referred to as \"rabbi\".[26]He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities,[27]andwas crucifiedby the order ofPontius Pilate, theRoman prefect.[28]Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God, performed healings, taught inparablesand gathered followers.[28]After his death, his followers believed herose from the dead, and the community they formed eventually became theChristian Church.[29]

    His birthis celebrated annually on December 25 (or various dates in January for some Eastern churches) as a holiday known asChristmas, his crucifixion is honored onGood Friday, and his resurrection is celebrated onEaster. The widely usedcalendar era\"AD\", from the Latinanno Domini(\"in the year of our Lord\"), and the alternative \"CE\", are based on the approximate birth date of Jesus.[30][31]

    Christian doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by theHoly Spirit, wasborn of a virginnamedMary, performedmiracles, founded the Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieveatonement, rose from the dead, andascendedintoHeaven, whence hewill return.[32]MostChristians believe Jesusenables humans to be reconciled to God. TheNicene Creedasserts that Jesus willjudge the living and the dead[33]eitherbeforeoraftertheirbodily resurrection,[34][35][36]an event tied to the Second Coming of Jesus inChristian eschatology.[37]The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as theincarnationofGod the Son, the second of threepersonsof aDivine Trinity. A minority ofChristian denominationsreject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, as non-scriptural.

    In Islam, Jesus (commonly transliterated asIsa) is considered one ofGod\'s importantprophetsand the Messiah.[38][39][40]Muslimsbelieve Jesus was abringer of scriptureand was born of a virgin but was not the Son of God. TheQuranstates that Jesus himself never claimed divinity.[41]To most Muslims, Jesuswas not crucifiedbut was physicallyraised into Heavenby God.

    Judaism rejectsthe belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfillMessianic propheciesand asserting that the resurrection is aChristian legend.[42]

    EtymologyFurther information:Jesus (name),Holy Name of Jesus,Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament,Names of God in Christianity,Yeshua, andIsa (name)Hebrew, Greek and Latin transcriptions of the nameJesus.

    A typicalJewin Jesus\' timehad only one name, sometimessupplemented with the father\'s nameor the individual\'s hometown.[43]Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as \"Jesus of Nazareth\"[h](e.g.,Mark 10:47).[44]Jesus\' neighbors in Nazareth refer to him as \"the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon\" (Mark 6:3),[45]\"the carpenter\'s son\" (Matthew 13:55),[46]or \"Joseph\'s son\" (Luke 4:22).[47]In John, the disciple Philip refers to him as \"Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth\" (John 1:45).[48]

    The nameJesusis derived from the LatinIesus, atransliterationof theGreekἸησοῦς(Iesous).[49]The Greek form is a rendering of theHebrewישוע‎ (Yeshua), a variant of the earlier nameיהושע‎ (Yehoshua), in English \"Joshua\".[50][51][52]The nameYeshuaappears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus.[53]The 1st century works of historianFlavius Josephus, who wrote inKoine Greek, the same language as that of the New Testament,[54]refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus (i.e. Ἰησοῦς).[55]The etymology of Jesus\' name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as \"Yahweh is salvation\".[56]

    Since early Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as \"Jesus Christ\".[57]The wordChristis derived from the is a translation of the Hebrewמשיח(Meshiakh), meaning the \"anointed\" and usually transliterated into English as \"Messiah\".[59][60]Christians designate Jesus as Christ because they believe he is the Messiah, whose arrival isprophesiedin theHebrew Bibleand Old Testament. In postbiblical usage,Christbecame viewed as a name—one part of \"Jesus Christ\"—but originally it was a title.[61][62]The term \"Christian\" (meaning a follower of Christ) has been in use since the 1st century.[63]

    Mary, mother of Jesus
    For the 1999 television film, seeMary, Mother of Jesus (film). For other uses, seeSaint Mary (disambiguation),Nuestra Señora (disambiguation), andVirgin Mary (disambiguation).This article is an overview. For specific views, see:Anglican,Catholic,Eastern andProtestantperspectives.MaryDepicted instained glass. St. James\' Church, Glenbeigh, County Kerry, IrelandBornSeptember 8 (traditional;Nativity of Mary) c. 18 to to apocryphal gospels)Aseriesof articles onMother of JesusChronology
      Presentation of Mary
    • Annunciation
      Visitation
    • Marriage
      • Joseph
      Virgin birth
    • Nativity
      • Holy Family
      Presentation of Jesus at the Temple
      Flight into Egypt
      Finding in the Temple
    • Cana
      Crucifixion
    • Resurrection
      Pentecost
    Marian perspectives
      Protestant
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      • Ecumenical (Christian)
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      Catholic Mariology
        Mariology
      • History of Mariology
        Papal teachings
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        Immaculate Conception
        Theotokos(Mother of God)
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      Mary in culture
        Art
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      ThegospelsofMatthewandLukein the New Testament and theQurandescribe Mary as Christians believe that sheconceived her son while a virginby theHoly Spirit. Themiraculous birthtook place when she was alreadybetrothedtoJosephand was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony.[6]She married Joseph and accompanied him toBethlehem, whereJesus was born.[7]

      The Gospel of Luke begins its account of Mary\'s life with theAnnunciation, when the angelGabrielappeared to her and announced her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus. According tocanonical gospelaccounts, Mary was present atthe crucifixionand is depicted as a member of the early Christian community in Jerusalem. According to the Catholic and Orthodox teaching, at the end of her earthly life her body was assumed directly into Heaven; this is known in the Christian West as theAssumption.[8][9]

      Mary has beenveneratedsinceEarly Christianity,[10][11]and is considered by millions to be the most meritorioussaintof the religion. She is claimed to havemiraculously appearedto believers many times over the centuries. TheEasternandOriental Orthodox,Roman Catholic,Anglican, andLutheranchurches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is theMother of There is significant diversity in theMarian beliefsand devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holdsdistinctive Marian dogmas, namely her status as the Mother of God, herImmaculate Conception, herperpetual virginity, and her Assumption into heaven.[12]Many Protestants minimize Mary\'s role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references.[13]Mary also has arevered position in Islam, whereone of the longer chapters of the Quranis devoted to her.

      Saint Anne
      For the figure of Luke 2, seeAnna the Prophetess. For other uses, seeSaint Anne (disambiguation).Saint AnneGreekiconofSaint Anne and Mary, byAngelos AkotantosMother of the Virgin, Mystic, Maternal Heroine, Woman of AmramBornc. 1st century 26th (Western calendar)
      July 25th (Eastern calendar)
      November 20th (Coptic calendar)AttributesBook, door, with Mary, Jesus or childless people;equestrians;grandparents; homemakers/housewives;lacemakers; lost articles;Fasnia(Tenerife);Mainar; miners; mothers; moving house; old-clothes dealers; poverty; pregnancy; seamstresses; stablemen; sterility; children

      Saint Anne(also known asAnnorAnna) ofDavid\'s house and line, was the mother ofMaryand grandmother ofJesusaccording to apocryphalChristianandIslamictradition. Mary\'s mother is not named in thecanonical gospels, nor in theQuran. Anne\'s name and that of her husbandJoachimcome only fromNew Testament apocrypha, of which theGospel of James(written perhaps around 150) seems to be the earliest that mentions them.

      Church tradition[edit]

      The story bears a similarity to that of the birth ofSamuel, whose mother Hannah grace\"; etymologically the same name as Anne) had also been childless. Although Anne receives little attention in theLatin Churchprior to the late12th century,[1]dedications to Anne inEastern Christianityoccur as early as the 6th century.[2]In the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, she is revered as Hannah. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Hannah is ascribed the titleForebear of God, and both theNativity of Maryand thePresentation of Maryare celebrated as two of the twelveGreat Feasts of the Orthodox Church. The Dormition of Hannah is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. InProtestantism, it is held thatMartin Lutherchose to enter religious life as aAugustinian monkafter crying out to St. Anne.[3][4]


      Saint Joseph
      This article is about the husband of Mary. For other saints, seeSaint Joseph (disambiguation). For the Joseph of Genesis, seeJoseph (patriarch).Saint JosephSaint Joseph with the Infant JesusbyGuido Reni.
      Oil on canvas (circa 1635)Foster-father/father ofJesus Christ
      Spouse of theBlessed Virgin Mary
      Prince and Patron of the Universal ChurchBornBethlehem,[1]c. 90 BC (apocryphal date)[1]DiedNazareth, July 20, AD 18[1](aged 90, apocryphal date)VeneratedinCatholic Church,Anglican Church,Oriental Orthodox ChurchFeast

      March 19 -Saint Joseph, Husband of Mary(Western Christianity), May 1 - St Joseph the Worker (Roman Catholic Church),

      The Sunday after theNativity of the Lord(Eastern Christianity)AttributesCarpenter\'s square or tools, the infant Jesus, staff with lily blossoms, two turtle doves, rod ofspikenard.PatronageCatholic Church, unborn children, fathers, immigrants, workers, employment, traveler, carpenters, realtors, against doubt and hesitation, and of a happy City,Cebu,Philippines, and many others.Part of aseriesonJosephology
      of theCatholic ChurchSaint Joseph(c. 1640) byGuido Reni.General articles
        Saint Joseph
      • Holy Family
      • Saint Joseph\'s dreams
      • Saint Joseph\'s Day
      Prayers and devotions
        Prayer
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      In both Catholic andProtestanttraditions, Joseph is regarded as thepatron saintof workers and is associated with variousfeast days.Pope Pius IXdeclared him to be both the patron and the protector of the Catholic Church, in addition to his patronages of the sick and of a happy death, due to the belief that he died in the presence of Jesus and Mary. In popular piety, Joseph is regarded as a model for fathers and has also become patron of various dioceses and places.

      Several notable images of Saint Joseph have been granted aCanonical coronationby aPope. In popular religiousiconographyhe is associated withliliesor aspikenard. With the present-day growth ofMariology, the theological field ofJosephologyhas also grown and since the 1950s centers for studying it have been formed.[7][8]

      According to the apocriphal gospels, Joseph wasthe fatherofJames, Joses,Judas (Jude),Simon, and at least two daughters.

      St. Joseph with the Infant JesusbyElisabetta Sirani

      In the New Testament[edit]

      ThePauline epistlesmake no reference to Jesus\' father; nor does theGospel of Mark.[9]The first appearance of Joseph is in the gospels ofMatthewandLuke. Each contains agenealogy of Jesusshowing ancestry from kingDavid, but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line fromSolomon, while Luke traces another line back toNathan, another son of David andBathsheba. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different. Some scholars, such asHarry A. Ironsidereconcile the genealogies by viewing the Solomonic lineage in Matthew as Joseph\'s major royal line, and the Nathanic lineage in Luke to be Mary\'s minor line.[10]

      Theepistles of Paulare generally regarded as the oldest extant Christian writings. These mention Jesus\' mother (without naming her), but do not refer to his father. The Book of Mark, the first gospel to be written, with a date about two decades after Paul, also does not mention Jesus\' father.[9]Joseph first appears in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, both dating from around 80-90 AD. The issue of reconciling the two accounts has beenthe subject of debate.

      Like the two differing genealogies, the infancy narratives appear only in Matthew and Luke and take different approaches to reconciling the requirement that the Messiah be born in Bethlehem with the tradition that Jesus in fact came fromNazareth. In Matthew, Joseph obeys the direction of an angel to marry Mary. Following the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem, Joseph and family stay in Bethlehem for an unspecified period (perhaps two years)[11]until after the visit of theThree Magi, when Joseph is told by an angel in a dream totake the family to Egyptto escape themassacre of the children of Bethlehemplanned by Herod, the ruler of the Roman province of Judea. Once Herod has died, an angel tells Joseph to return, but to avoid Herod\'s son he takes his wife and the child to Nazareth in Galilee and settles there. Thus in Matthew, the infant Jesus, like Moses, is in peril from a cruel king, like Moses he has a (fore)father named Joseph who goes down to Egypt, like the Old Testament Joseph this Joseph has a father named Jacob, and both Josephs receive important dreams foretelling their future.[12]

      In Luke, Joseph already lives in Nazareth, and Jesus is born in Bethlehem because Joseph and Mary have to travel there to be counted in a census. Subsequently, Jesus was born there. Luke\'s account makes no mention of angels and dreams, the Massacre of the Innocents, or of a visit to Egypt.

      The last time Joseph appears in person in any Gospel is in the story of thePassovervisit to the Templein Jerusalem when Jesus is 12 years old, found only in Luke. No mention is made of him thereafter.[13]The story emphasizes Jesus\' awareness of his coming mission: here Jesus speaks to his parents (both of them) of \"my father,\" meaning God, but they fail to understand.(Luke 2:41-51).

      Christian tradition represents Mary as a widow during the adult ministry of her son. Joseph is not mentioned as being present at theWedding at Canaat the beginning of Jesus\' mission, nor at thePassionat the end. If he had been present at theCrucifixion, he would under Jewish custom have been expected to take charge of Jesus\' body, but this role is instead performed byJoseph of Arimathea. Nor would Jesus have entrusted his mother to the care ofJohn the Apostleif her husband had been alive.[1]

      While none of the Gospels mentions Joseph as present at any event during Jesus\' adult ministry, thesynoptic Gospelsshare a scene in which the people of Nazareth, Jesus\' hometown, doubt Jesus\' status as a prophet because they know his family. InMark6:3, they call Jesus \"Mary\'s son\" instead of naming his father. InMatthew, the townspeople call Jesus \"the carpenter\'s son,\" again without naming his father. (Matthew 13:53-55) In Luke 3:23 \"And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was [the son] of Heli.\"(Luke 4:16-30) In Luke the tone is positive, whereas in Mark and Matthew it is disparaging.[14]This incident does not appear at all in John, but in a parallel story the disbelieving neighbors refer to \"Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know\" (John 6:41-51).


      Livraison et Expédition(Shipping & Handling)
      • Les pièces seront soigneusement emballées individuellement et protégées avec du film bulle et carton renforcé,
      • Pour les pays autres que la France, envoi en recommandé avec assurance Ad Valorem à hauteur de la valeur de l\'objet.
      • All items will be securely packed, individually wrapped with acid-free silk paper, foam, bubble wrap and reinforced cardboard.
      • Shipped from FRANCEwith proof of delivery and insured for their value.
      • Any overseas custom taxes and duties are all borne by the buyer
      • No custom taxes for European Community
      • WE SHIP WORLDWIDE
      Notes importantes(Important points)
      • MERCI DE POSEZ TOUTES VOS QUESTION AVANT D’ENCHERIR OU D’ACHETER.
      • A moins que ce soit spécifié autrement dans la description, nos objets en ventesont d’occasion. Par conséquent des traces d’usage existent (aussi infimes soient-elles). Nous tenons à ce que vous portez attention et demandez toute information supplémentaire afin que vous soyez satisfait de votre achat.
      • Nos objets sont vendus «à la description». En enchérissant/achetant, le futur acquéreur accepte qu’il a étudié les photos, lu la description avec attention et notre évaluation de nos objets.
      • Nous décrivons le mieux possible nos objets avec des photos reflétant le plus la réalité. D’autres photos sont à votre disposition sur simple demande.
      • Pour les transactions en dehors de l\'Europe, l\'acheteur doit obligatoirement avoir une adresse postale Paypal confirmée.
      • PLEASE ASK ALL QUESTIONS BEFORE offerDING OR BUYING
      • Unless specified otherwise in the description, all our items are previously owned. There will be logical traces of usage, consistent with age and normal use. Please take note of this and ask any other information if you have further enquiries.
      • All goods are sold “as is”. By offerding/buying, the buyer agrees he has studied the photos, read the description carefully and agrees with our assessment of the items.
      • We describe our items the best we can with pictures reflecting the condition as closely as possible.
      • Other pictures are available on demand.
      • For transaction outside Europe, the buyer must have a confirmed postal address on their Paypal account.

      Thanks for looking!

      † 18TH BRONZE MONSTRANCE PAX HOLY CRIB DNJC + HOLY FAMILY RELIQUARY WAX SEAL †:
      $999.99

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