1732 ENGRAVING HISTORY MILITARY SIEGE DURING FIRST ROMAN-JEWISH WAR TITUS JEWS

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1732 ENGRAVING HISTORY MILITARY SIEGE DURING FIRST ROMAN-JEWISH WAR TITUS JEWS:
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Original antique engraving extracted from an 18th century edition related to the \"History of the Jews\" published during the year MDCCXXXII (1732) and created by Jan Luyken. Probably a war scene from the First Jewish-Roman War (Titus). Engraving’s actual dimensions: 10.5 x 15 cm. Dimensionsof leaf (part of leaf actually): 15 x 19 cm. Good condition in general (slight foxing, few stains, somecreases).

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Eastern Mediterranean. The FirstJewish–Roman War took place mainly in JudeaProvince (Iudaea); the second was the KitosWar in 115–117, which took place mainly in the diaspora(in Cyprus, Egypt, Mesopotamia and only marginally in Judea), and thethird was BarKokhba\'s revolt of 132–136 CE, concentrating in Judea province.TheGreat Revolt began in the year 66 CE, originating in Romanand Jewish ethnic and religious tensions. The crisis escalateddue to anti-taxationprotests and attacks upon Roman citizens. The Roman governor,Gessius Florus, responded by plundering the Jewish Temple, claimingthe money was for the Emperor, and the next day launching a raid onthe city, arresting numerous senior Jewish figures. This prompted awider, large-scale rebellion and the Roman military garrison ofJudaea was quickly overrun by the rebels, while the pro-Roman kingHerodAgrippa II, together with Roman officials, fled Jerusalem.As it became clear the rebellion was getting out of control, CestiusGallus, the legateof Syria,brought in the Syrian army, based on LegionXII Fulminataand reinforced by auxiliary troops, to restore order and quell therevolt. Despite initial advances and conquest of Jaffa, the SyrianLegion was ambushed and defeated by Jewish rebels at the Battleof Beth Horon with 6,000 Romans massacred and the Legion\'s aquilalost. During 66, JudeanFree Government was formed in Jerusalem including former HighPriest Ananusben Ananus, Josephben Gurion and Joshuaben Gamla elected as leaders. Yosefben Matityahu was appointed the rebel commander in Galileeand Eleazarben Hanania as the commander in Edom.Later, in Jerusalem, an attempt by Menahemben Yehuda, leader of the Sicarii,to take control of the city failed. He was executed and the remainingSicarii were ejected from the city. Simonbar Giora, a charismatic, but radical peasant leader, was alsoexpelled by the new government. The experienced and unassuminggeneral Vespasianwas given the task of crushing the rebellion in Judaea province. Hisson Titus wasappointed as second-in-command. Given four legions and assisted byforces of King Agrippa II, Vespasian invadedGalilee in 67. Avoiding a direct attack on the reinforced city ofJerusalem, which was defended by the main rebel force, the Romanslaunched a persistent campaign to eradicate rebel strongholds andpunish the population. Within several months Vespasian and Titus tookover the major Jewish strongholds of Galilee and finally overranJodapatha,which was under the command of Yosef ben Matitiyahu. Driven fromGalilee, Zealot rebels and thousands of refugees arrived inJerusalem, creating political turmoil. Confrontationbetween the mainly SadduceeJerusalemites and the mainly Zealotfactions of the Northern Revolt under the command of Johnof Giscala and Eleazarben Simon, erupted into bloody violence. With Idumeansentering the city and fighting by the side of the Zealots,the former high priest, Ananus ben Ananus, was killed and his factionsuffered severe casualties. Simonbar Giora, commanding 15,000 militiamen, was then invited intoJerusalem by the Sadducee leaders to stand against the Zealots, andquickly took control over much of the city. Bitter infighting betweenfactions of Bar-Giora, John and Eleazar followed through the year 69.After a lull in the military operations, owing to civilwar and political turmoil in Rome, Vespasian was called to Romeand appointed as Emperor in 69. With Vespasian\'s departure, Titusmoved to besiegethe center of rebel resistance in Jerusalem in early 70. The firsttwo walls of Jerusalem were breached within three weeks, but astubborn rebel standoff prevented the Roman Army from breaking thethird and thickest wall. Following a brutal seven-month siege, duringwhich Zealot infighting resulted in burning of the entire foodsupplies of the city, the Romans finally succeeded in breaching thedefenses of the weakened Jewish forces in the summer of 70. Followingthe fall of Jerusalem, in the year 71 Titus left for Rome, leavingLegion XFretensisto defeat the remaining Jewish strongholds including Herodiumand Machaerus,finalizing the Roman campaign in Masadain 73–74. As the SecondTemple in Jerusalem was destroyed, one of the events commemoratedon Tisha B\'Av,Judaism fell into crisis with Sadducee movement falling intoobscurity. However, one of the Pharisaicsages Rabbi Yohananben Zakkai was smuggled away from Jerusalem in a coffin by hisstudents during the Titus siege. The rabbi obtained permission toestablish a Judaicschool at Yavne, which became a major center of Talmudicstudy. Thisbecame the crucial mark in the development of the RabbinicJudaism, which would allow Jews to continue their culture andreligion without the Temple and essentially even in diaspora. Thedefeat of the Jewish revolt altered the Jewish demographics, as manyof the Jewish rebels were scattered or sold into slavery. Thedemolishing of the Temple, Jerusalem, and the farming lifestyle ofthe economy and land of Israel did not stop the Jews from succeedingin Judea. After a few generations of existing within the Romansystems, the Jewish–Romantensions resulted in the BarKokhba revolt in 132–135 CE.