1938 Vorobeichic MOI VER Photo BOOK Jewish ISRAEL Palestine TOWER & STOCKADE

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1938 Vorobeichic MOI VER Photo BOOK Jewish ISRAEL Palestine TOWER & STOCKADE:
$87.50

DESCRIPTION : MOSHE Raviv VOROBEICHIC - MOI BER ,Is best known and gained his world fame for his \"PARIS\" and \"EINGHETTO in OSTEN-WILNA\" , Popular yet Rare , Desired and sought after books. However during the 1930\'s and 1940\'s , MOI VER was the GRAPHIC DESIGNER aswell as SOLE PHOTOGRAPHER or LEADING PHOTOGRAPHER among a few others of severalPHOTOGRAPHED BOOKS in Eretz Israel ( Then also sometimes refered to asPALESTINE ) . Here for sale isanother FINE EXAMPLE ofthese books .MOI VER was the graphic designer , The COVER designer (UsinganESTHER LURIEdrawing ) ,The MAIN PHOTOGRAPHER among afew , and the \"PHOTOS EDITOR-ARRANGER\" which actualy means thePHOTOMONTAGE ARTIST and the DESIGNER of themap . This is an ORIGINALvintagePHOTOGRAPHED BOOK of POLITICAL - HISTORICAL - SOCIALIST messageand orientation which was published in 1938- 39 ( DATED Tarza\"t ) in ERETZISRAEL ( Then also refered to as PALESTINE ) . The ARTISTIC documentary PHOTOBOOK was dedicated to the PIONEERS - CHALUTZIM settlements andKibbutzim , Who , After the 1936 RIOTS , Under utmost physical danger ,Voulenteered for the construction ofnew Jewish settlements , whichapparently , And in view of the 1936 violent riots were a requiered MUST forthe Jewish settlement activity. The book is dedicated also to the armed defenseforces , The NOTRIM , The JEWISH SETTLEMENT POLICE or the JEWISH SUPERNUMERALYPOLICE who accompanied the builders and protected them from the Arab offenders. The book was named after this great and courageous settlement movement\"TOWER and STOCKADE\" ( \"Chomah Umigdal\"). It\'s the story of this great important ERETZ ISRAELI MOVEMENT andOPERATION, Accompanied byNUMEROUS PHOTOS, Many of themweremade by MOI VER (Even though , The photos are not credited ) and the MOI VERartistic sense and talent of PHOTOMONTAGE and COLLAGE is evident in each of thepages of this THRILLING PHOTO ALBUM even though most PHOTOS are arrangedseparately or in pairs and thirds rather than in complex photomontages.However ,Please look at the FULLPAGE PHOTOMONTAGE of theNOTRIM which is indeed a RARE PIECE of ART.Or look how harmonic and impressive his full pagearrangements of TOWERS PHOTOS can be. 1938 - 39FIRST and ONLYEDITION . Some of the photos were made by other photographers , However ,The most impressing ARTISTIC PHOTOMONTAGE , Sotypical to MOI VER , Was created solely by BOROVEICHIC who , With his ARTISTICBAUHAUS orientation , Has transfered the documentary PHOTOS into GRAPHICALPIECES of ART with POSTERS\' QUALITY .Originalillustrated WRAPPERS. Designed by MOI VER.ImpressiveREDheadings. 8 x6 \"190 throughoutphotographed pp . Numerous PHOTOS . Good condition . Very nicely preservedcopy. Tightly bound. Clean. Slight cover wear( Pls look at scanfor accurate AS IS images ) . Will be sent inside a protective rigid envelope . PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal .SHIPPMENT : SHIPP worldwide via registered airmail is $18.Book will be sent inside a protective envelope . Handling within 3-5 days after payment. Estimated Int\'l duration around 14 days.

Moï Ver Moï Ver (Moshé Raviv-Vorobeichic) was born in 1904 in Vilnius, Lithuania, where he also studied painting. In 1927, visited the Bauhaus in Dessau to take courses with Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Joseph Albers, before he left for Paris to study at the Ecole de Photo Ciné. After several unrealised projects for photographic books, necessity led him to begin a career as a reporter. He immigrated to Palestine in 1934, and from 1950 he devoted himself to painting. He died in 1995. Moi Ver: Paris In Paris, his quintessential avant-garde book object published in 1931, Mo- Ver succeeds in blending dynamic photographic montage with an elaborate graphic layout. Utilizing the double-spread as one unified plane, each turn of the page not only surprises, but accentuates the charged rhythm built into the book itself. The bulk of information in these pictures documents mundane street activities in cobblestoned Paris of the late twenties. But the method in which Moi Ver chose to present his material, in its kaleidoscopic layering and frenzied repetitiveness, emphasizes an experimental approach to picture-construction; as if we, the viewers, were walking about bombarded by noise and reflected light. Within each picture, visual data is spliced with pattern, alluding to a lapse of time, as if they were short film vignettes. M. Vorobeichic, who also used the artist name Moi Ver, and whose real name was Moses Vorobeichic (1904), in Israel renamed Moshe Raviv. This painter/photographer is known for his picture-books on the Ghetto of Wilna and Paris (end of the twenties), early examples of the Bauhaus photographic style. (German) From the Preface The Jewish Lane in Light and Shadow by S. Chneour About Paris : \'The book that introduced Moi Ver to the world is exhilaratingly eccentric, definitely avant-garde.... Moi Ver\'s Paris is a city in motion, hurtling almost out of control. Cobblestone streets, bustling crowds, facades, railway tracks, bridges. the glittering river, and countless monuments shift and shatter here.... Moi Ver\'s version of Paris was eclipsed two years later by the publication of Brassai\'s more conventionally seductive Paris de Nuit, but no one has yet matched Moi Ver\'s vision of the brutal, chaotic, irresistible modern city.\'-Vince Aletti, from the Book of 101 Books In Paris, his quintessential avant-garde book, Moï Ver succeeded in blending dynamic photographic montage with elaborate graphic layouts. Utilizing the double-spread as one unified place, each turn of the page not only surprised but accentuated the charged rhythm built into the book itself. The bulk of information in these pictures documents mundane street activities in the cobblestone-covered Paris of the late 20s. But the method in which Moi Ver chose to present his material, in its kaliedoscopic layering and frenzied repetitiveness, emphasized an experiential approach to picture construction-as if we, the viewers, were walking about, bombarded by noise and reflected light. Originally published in 1931 by Editions Jeanne Walter with an introduction by Futurist Fernand Leger, now long out of print and exceptionally rare, this facsimile reproduction of Paris brings back into circulation one of the seminal photographic books of the century. \"My grandfather on my mother’s side was a photographer and artist named Moshé Raviv-Vorobeichic (who also worked under the pen name Moï Ver). He lived from 1904 to 1995. Born and raised in Vilna, now Vilnius in Lithuania, Moshé lived and worked in Paris before moving to Tel Aviv and eventually settling in Safed in northern Israel. In the late 1920s he studied at the famous Bauhaus school in Dessau, Germany, where his instructors included Paul Klée and Vassily Kandinsky. Moshe produced many paintings, especially in the later part of his career. As a young man, however, he was recognized primarily as a photographer, employing many innovative and creative techniques. Two major books of his photography were published. The first, “The Ghetto Lane in Vilna” (published in 1931) documented the everyday life of the city’s Jewish residents. In the same year, his second book, titled “Paris” was published by Jeanne Walter, with an introduction by Fernand Leger (it was republished in 2004 as “Ci-Contre - 110 Photos by Moï Ver,” by Ann and Jürgen Wilde, with commentary by Inka Graeve Ingelmann and Hannes Böhringer). An exhibition of these photographs was held in the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich in the winter of 2004/05.\" taken from flickr. ***** Moi Ver (1904–1955) was a photographer and painter. Life and work Moi Ver was born in 1904 in Vilnius, Lithuania as Moses Vorobeichic, Moi Ver initially studied painting. In his early 20s he matriculated at the Bauhaus, taking courses with Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Joseph Albers, and left from there to attend the Ecole Photo One in Paris. In his book Moi Ver: Paris, he produced avant-garde photomontages. Originally published in 1931 by Editions Jeanne Walter with an introduction by Futurist Fernand Léger. He adopted Zionism in 1934 and immigrated to what was then known as Palestine. Moshe Raviv-Vorobeichic (as he called himself in Israel) focus more on painting than photography and lived in Safed until his death in 1995. ***** Moï Ver Moï Ver (Moshé Raviv-Vorobeichic) was born in 1904 in Vilnius, Lithuania, where he also studied painting. In 1927, visited the Bauhaus in Dessau to take courses with Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Joseph Albers, before he left for Paris to study at the Ecole de Photo Ciné. After several unrealised projects for photographic books, necessity led him to begin a career as a reporter. He immigrated to Palestine in 1934, and from 1950 he devoted himself to painting. He died in 1995. ******** Tower and stockade (Hebrew: חומה ומגדל‎, Homa UMigdal, lit. Wall and tower) was a settlement method used by Zionist settlers in the British Mandate of Palestine during the 1936-39 Arab revolt, when the establishment of new Jewish settlements was restricted by the Mandatory authorities. During the course of the Tower and stockade campaign, 52 new Jewish settlements were established throughout the country. The motivation was to have as much Jewish-owned land as possible populated by Jews, particularly in remote areas, by establishing \"facts on the ground.\" These settlements would eventually be transformed into fortified agricultural settlements, and served for security purposed (as defenses against Arab raiders) as well as creating continuous Jewish-populated regions, which would later help determine the borders of the Partition Plan. All of the major settlement groups (mostly kibbutzim and moshavim) took part in the campaign, which consisted of assembling a guard tower with a fence around it. While many of these settlements were not approved by the Mandate, existing settlements were not dismantled according to the law at the time. Therefore, the construction of the Tower and Stockade settlements had to be finished very quickly, usually in the course of a single night. List of Tower and stockade settlements (by order of establishment) Kfar Hittim, 7 December 1936 Tel Amal (now Nir David), 10 December 1936 Sde Nahum, 5 January 1937Sha\'ar HaGolan, 31 January. 1937 Masada, 31 January. 1937 Ginosar, 25 February 1937Beit Yosef, 9 April 1937 Mishmar HaShlosha, 13 April 1937Tirat Tzvi, 30 June 1937 Bnei Brit (now Moledet), 4 July 1937 Ein HaShofet, 5 July 1937 Ein Gev, 6 July 1937 Maoz Haim, 6 July 1937 Kfar Menachem, 27 July 1937 Hafetz Haim, 15 August 1937Tzur Moshe, 13 September 1937 Usha, 7 November 1937 Hanita, 21 March 1938 Shavei Tzion, 13 April 1938 Sde Warburg, 17 May 1938 Ramat Hadar, 26 May 1938 Alonim, 26 June 1938 Ma\'ale HaHamisha, 17 July 1938 Tel Yitzhak, 25 July 1938 Beit Yehoshua, 17 August 1938 Ein HaMifratz, 25 August 1938 Ma\'ayan Tzvi, 30 August 1938 Sharona, 16 November 1938 Geulim, 17 November 1938Eilon, 24 November 1938 Neve Eitan, 25 November 1938 Kfar Ruppin, 25 November 1938 Kfar Masaryk, 29 November 1938Mesilot, 22 December 1938 Dalia, 2 May 1939 Dafna, 3 May 1939 Dan, 4 May 1939 Sde Eliyahu, 8 May 1939 Mahanayim, 23 May 1939 Shadmot Dvora, 23 May 1939 Shorashim, 23 May 1939 Hazore\'im, 23 May 1939 Tel Tzur, 23 May 1939 Kfar Glikson, 23 May 1939 Ma\'apilim, 23 May 1939 Mishmar HaYam (now Afek), 28 May 1939 Hamadiyah, 23 June 1939 Kfar Netter, 26 June 1939 Negba, 12 July 1939 Gesher, 13 August 1939 Amir, 29 October 1939 Kfar Szold, 13 November 1942 ***** Homa Umigdal - Tower and stockade. Type of collective settlement built as a stronghold to withstand Arab attacks during the British Mandate period and strategically defending the Jewish people settling in the land. ******* Homa Umigdal - (Hebrew) (pronounced \'Homa oo migdahl) Tower and stockade. Type of collective settlement built as a stronghold to withstand Arab attacks during the British Mandate period in 1936-39. These settlements were built overnight to overcome mandatory emergency regulations against building of new settlements. ***** The Settlement of the Thousand (Hebrew: התיישבות האלף‎, Hityashvut HaElef) refers to two separate Zionist plans to settle Jewish families on farms in Mandate Palestine. The first started in September 1926,[1] the second in 1932.[2] The aim of both plans was to settle 1,000 families on agricultural lots. 1932 scheme The 1932 plan was a response to the 1929 Palestine riots, and aimed to establish small agricultural settlements around the larger Jewish towns and moshavot and help defend them against Arab rioters. The first takers of the deal generally received a modest home and around 15 dunams of land. Although only 437 families were settled in the end,[2] it resulted in the creation of several moshavim, including Avihayil, Beit Oved, Gibton, Givat Hen, Kfar Bilu, Kfar Hess and Neta\'im ***** Jewish immigration in the 20th century greatly altered the settlement pattern of the country. The first modern-day Jewish settlers established themselves on the coastal plain in the 1880s. Later they also moved into the valleys of the interior and into parts of the hill districts, as well as into the Negev. Small cities such as Haifa and Jerusalem grew in size, and the port of Jaffa (Yafo) sprouted a suburb, Tel Aviv, which grew into the largest city in Israel. Jewish immigrants also settled those areas of the coastal plain, the Judaean foothills, and the Jordan and ʿArava valleys evacuated by Palestinians during the war of 1948, thereby becoming the majority in many areas previously inhabited by Arabs. ********* Israel (Hebrew: ‎, Yisra\'el; Arabic: إسرائيل‎, Isrā\'īl) officially the State of Israel Hebrew :מְדִינַת יִשְרָאֵל‎ , Medinat Yisra\'el; Arabic: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrā\'īl), is a country in Western Asia located on the Eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. The West Bank and Gaza Strip are also adjacent. With a population of about 7.28 million, the majority of whom are Jews, Israel is the world\'s only Jewish state. It is also home to other ethnic groups, including most numerously Arab citizens of Israel, as well as many religious groups including Muslims, Christians, Druze, Samaritans and others.The modern state of Israel has its roots in the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael), a concept central to Judaism for over 3,000 years, and the heartland of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to which modern Jews are usually attributed. After World War I, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine with the intent of creating a \"national home for the Jewish people.\" In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. On May 14, 1948 the state of Israel declared independence and this was followed by a war with the surrounding Arab states, which refused to accept the plan. The Israelis were subsequently victorious in a series of wars confirming their independence and expanding the borders of the Jewish state beyond those in the UN Partition Plan. Since then, Israel has been in conflict with many of the neighboring Arab countries, resulting in several major wars and decades of violence that continue to this day. Since its foundation, Israel\'s boundaries and even the State\'s very right to exist have been subject to dispute, especially among its Arab neighbors. Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, and efforts are being made to reach a permanent accord with the Palestinians.Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system and universal suffrage. The Prime Minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as Israel\'s legislative body. In terms of nominal gross domestic product, the nation\'s economy is estimated as being the 44th-largest in the world. Israel ranks high among Middle Eastern countries on the bases of human development, freedom of the press, and economic competitiveness. Jerusalem is the country\'s capital, seat of government, and largest city, while Israel\'s main financial center is Tel Aviv. ********* The Land of Israel, known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, the Land of Israel was promised to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people, by God, as their homeland; scholars have placed this period in the early 2nd millennium BCE. According to the traditional view, around the 11th century BCE, the first of a series of Israelite kingdoms and states established rule over the region; these Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently for the following one thousand years. The sites holiest to Judaism are located within Israel.Between the time of the Israelite kingdoms and the 7th-century Muslim conquests, the Land of Israel fell under Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Sassanian, and Byzantine rule. Jewish presence in the region dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE and the resultant large-scale expulsion of Jews. In 628/9, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius conducted a massacre and expulsion of the Jews, at which point the Jewish population probably reached its lowest point. Nevertheless, a continuous Jewish presence in the Land of Israel remained. Although the main Jewish population shifted from the Judea region to the Galilee, the Mishnah and part of the Talmud, among Judaism\'s most important religious texts, were composed in Israel during this period. The Land of Israel was captured from the Byzantine Empire around 636 CE during the initial Muslim conquests. Control of the region transferred between the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Crusaders over the next six centuries, before falling in the hands of the Mamluk Sultanate, in 1260. In 1516, the Land of Israel became a part of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region until the 20th century.Jews living in the Diaspora have long aspired to return to Zion and the Land of Israel. That hope and yearning was articulated in the Bible, and is a central theme in the Jewish prayer book. Beginning in the 12th century, Catholic persecution of Jews led to a steady stream leaving Europe to settle in the Holy Land, increasing in numbers after Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492. During the 16th century large communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities, and in the second half of the 18th century, entire Hasidic communities from Eastern Europe settled in the Holy Land.The first large wave of modern immigration, known as the First Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה), began in 1881, as Jews fled pogroms in Eastern Europe. While the Zionist movement already existed in theory, Theodor Herzl is credited with founding political Zionism, a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the Land of Israel, by elevating the Jewish Question to the international plane In 1896, Herzl published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), offering his vision of a future state; the following year he presided over the first World Zionist Congress.The Second Aliyah (1904–1914), began after the Kishinev pogrom. Some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly Orthodox Jews, but those in the Second Aliyah included socialist pioneers who established the kibbutz movement. During World War I, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued what became known as the Balfour Declaration, which \"view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.\" The Jewish Legion, a group of battalions composed primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to the plan led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of the Jewish organization known as the Haganah (meaning \"The Defense\" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi split off.In 1922, the League of Nations granted the United Kingdom a mandate over Palestine for the express purpose of \"placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home\". The population of the area at this time was predominantly Muslim Arab, while the largest urban area in the region, Jerusalem, was predominantly Jewish.Jewish immigration continued with the Third Aliyah (1919–1923) and Fourth Aliyah (1924–1929), which together brought 100,000 Jews to Palestine. In the wake of the Jaffa riots in the early days of the Mandate, the British restricted Jewish immigration and territory slated for the Jewish state was allocated to Transjordan. The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led to the Fifth Aliyah, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This influx resulted in the Arab revolt of 1936–1939 and led the British to cap immigration with the White Paper of 1939. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, a clandestine movement known as Aliyah Bet was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of World War II, Jews accounted for 33% of the population of Palestine, up from 11% in 1922.After 1945 the United Kingdom became embroiled in an increasingly violent conflict with the Jews. In 1947, the British government withdrew from commitment to the Mandate of Palestine, stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews. The newly created United Nations approved the UN Partition Plan (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181) on November 29, 1947, dividing the country into two states, one Arab and one Jewish. Jerusalem was to be designated an international city – a corpus separatum – administered by the UN to avoid conflict over its status. The Jewish community accepted the plan, but the Arab League and Arab Higher Committee rejected it. The day after the UN decision fighting began between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine.On May 14, 1948, the day before the end of the British Mandate, the Jewish Agency proclaimed independence, naming the country Israel. The following day five Arab countries – Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq – invaded Israel, launching the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Morocco, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia also sent troops to assist the invaders. After a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared and temporary borders, known as the Green Line, were established. Jordan annexed what became known as the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations on May 11, 1949. During the war 711,000 Arabs, according to UN estimates, or about 80% of the previous Arab population, fled the country. The fate of the Palestinian refugees today is a major point of contention in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.In the early years of the state, the Labor Zionist movement led by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics.These years were marked by mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and an influx of Jews persecuted in Arab lands. The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958. Most arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma\'abarot. By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea of Israel \"doing business\" with Germany.During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip. In 1956, Israel joined a secret alliance with The United Kingdom and France aimed at recapturing the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). Despite capturing the Sinai Peninsula, Israel was forced to retreat due to pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea and the Canal.At the start of the following decade, Israel captured Adolf Eichmann, an architect of the Final Solution hiding in Argentina, and brought him to trial.The trial had a major impact on public awareness of the Holocaust, and to date Eichmann remains the only person executed by Israel, although John Demjanjuk was sentenced to die before his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Israel. ********* The Israeli Declaration of Independence (Hebrew: הכרזת העצמאות‎, Hakhrazat HaAtzma\'ut or Hebrew: מגילת העצמאות‎ Megilat HaAtzma\'ut), made on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar, 5708), the day the British Mandate expired, was the official announcement that the new Jewish state named the State of Israel had been formally established in parts of what was known as the British Mandate for Palestine and on land where, in antiquity, the Kingdoms of Israel, Judah and Judea had once been.It has been called the start of the \"Third Jewish Commonwealth\" by some observers. The \"First Jewish Commonwealth\" ended with the destruction of Solomon\'s Temple in 586 BCE, the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and the crushing of Bar Kokhba\'s revolt by the Roman Empire in the year 135.In Israel the event is celebrated annually with the national holiday Yom Ha\'atzmaut (Hebrew: יום העצמאות‎, lit. Independence Day), the timing of which is based on the Hebrew calendar date of the declaration (5, Iyar, 5708). Palestinias commemorate the event as Nakba Day (Arabic: يوم النكبة‎, Yawm al-nakba, lit. Catastrophe Day) on 15 May every year.The General Assembly of the United Nations had resolved that \'No discrimination of any kind shall be made between the inhabitants on the ground of race, religion, language or sex.\' and that a declaration to that effect would be made to the United Nations by the Provisional Government of each proposed State before independence. The General Assembly resolution mandated that the stipulations contained in the Declaration were to be non-derogable, they were to be \'recognized as fundamental laws of the State and no law, regulation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall any law, regulation or official action prevail over them.\' The Declaration did promise that the State of Israel would ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex, and guaranteed freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. However, the Knesset maintains that declaration is neither a law nor an ordinary legal document.The Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the guarantees were merely guiding principles, and that the Declaration is not a constitutional law making a practical ruling on the upholding or nullification of various ordinances and statutes. Whenever an explicit statutory measure of the Knesset leaves no room for doubt, it is honored even if inconsistent with the principles in the Declaration of Independence.While the possibility of a Jewish homeland in Palestine had been a goal of Zionist organisations since the late 19th century, it was not until 1917 and the Balfour declaration that the idea gained the official backing of a major power. The declaration stated that the British government supported the creation of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. In 1936 the Peel Commission suggested partitioning Mandate Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, though it was rejected as unworkable by the government and was at least partially to blame for the 1936-39 Arab revolt.In the face of increasing violence, the British handed the issue over to the United Nations. The result was Resolution 181, a partition plan to divide Palestine between Jews and Arabs. The Jewish state was to receive around 56% of the land area of Mandate Palestine, encompassing 82% of the Jewish population, though it would be separated from Jerusalem, designated as an area to be administered by the UN. The plan was accepted by most of the Jewish population, but rejected by much of the Arab populace. On 29 November 1947, the plan was put to a vote in the United Nations General Assembly The result was 33 to 13 in favour of the plan, with 10 abstentions. The Arab countries (all of which had opposed the plan) proposed to query the International Court of Justice on the competence of the General Assembly to partition a country against the wishes of the majority of its inhabitants, but were again defeated. The division was to take effect on the date of British withdrawal from the territory (15 May 1948), though the UK refused to implement the plan, arguing it was unacceptable to both sides. ******* The Notrim (Hebrew: נוטרים‎, lit. Guards; singular: Noter) were a Jewish Police Force set up by the British in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1936. The force was divided into Supernumerary Police and highly mobile Settlement Police. Members were recruited almost entirely from the Haganah. After World War II, the Notrim became the core of the Israeli Military Police. History in World War II On 6 August 1940 Anthony Eden, the British Secretary of War, informed Parliament that the Cabinet had decided to recruit Arab and Jewish units as battalions of the Royal East Kent Regiment (the \"Buffs\"). At a luncheon with Chaim Weizmann on 3 September, Winston Churchill approved the large-scale recruitment of Jewish forces in Palestine and the training of their officers. A further 10,000 men (no more that 3,000 from Palestine) were to be recruited to Jewish units in the British Army for training in the United Kingdom. Faced with Field Marshall Rommel\'s advance in Egypt, the British government decided on 15 April, 1941 that the 10,000 Jews dispersed in the single defense companies of the Buffs should be prepared for war service at the battalion level and that another 10,000 should also be mobilized along with 6,000 Supernumerary Police and 40,000 to 50,000 home guard. The plans were approved by Field Marshall John Dill. The Special Operations Executive in Cairo approved a Haganah proposal for guerilla activities in northern Palestine led by the Palmach, as part of which Yitzhak Sadeh devised Plan North for an armed enclave in the Carmel range from which the Yishuv could defend the region and attack Nazi communications and supply lines, if necessary. British intelligence also trained a small radio network under Moshe Dayan to act as spy cells in the event of a German invasion (Israeli and Penkower, 2002, pp. 112-113). ******** The Jewish Supernumerary Police (sometimes referred to as Jewish Auxiliary Police) were a branch of the Guards (Notrim) set up by the British in Mandate Palestine in June 1936. Around 22,000 Notrim were appointed, armed and equipped by the British to act as a protective militia for Jewish settlements. This force \"soon became a legal cover for the Haganah and an increasingly effective shield against Arab forays\".[1] The British authorities gradually expanded the Supernumerary Police from 6,000 to 14,000. Those trained became the nucleus of the Haganah,[2] which itself became the main constituent of the Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The other branch of the Notrim was an élite mobile force known as the Jewish Settlement Police. ********* The Jewish Settlement Police (Hebrew: משטרת היישובים העבריים‎, Mishteret HaYishuvim HaIvrayim) were a division of the Notrim established in the British Mandate of Palestine in 1936.[1] They were developed by the Haganah into an élite force.[2] Members, known as Nodedot, were trained by their commander, Yitzhak Sadeh, in the art of unconventional warfare and specialized in mobility and surprise attacks. According to Katz, \"the Arabs feared them greatly\".[2]At the end of 1940 the JSP had about 15,000 members.[3] A field army based on the force was estimated to be 16,000 men and women strong in 1946.[4] According to a statement made by the Palestine Government in June 1947 and referenced by the United Nations Palestine Commission, the force itself was 1,929 men strong at the time.[5] In early 1948 the force was about 2,000 strong.[6] The Settlement Police cooperated with the British to form a joint British-Jewish unit known as the Special Night Squads. These were commanded by a \"fervent Christian Zionist\"[7][8][9][10] British officer called Charles Orde Wingate, who was posted to Palestine in 1936. The Special Night Squads fought Arab guerrillas who attacked the Iraqi Petroleum Company pipeline. The Haganah used the force as a \"Training Centre\" and put as many of its members through the JSP as possible: 13,455 between its formation and the end of 1945.[1] The British authorities provided special uniforms, guns, light trucks and some machine guns and allowed the force to control sections of land around Jewish villages and Kibbutzim.[11] The JSP also provided paramilitary training to Haganah units.[12] The force thus expanded the assets of the Haganah and helped to provide a legal basis for much of their activities.[13][14][15] One notable member of the force was Ariel Sharon who joined the JSP in 1945 and became an instructor.[16][17] Another notable member was Yigal Allon. Both later served as Ministers in the Israeli government, Sharon also as Prime Minister. ********* Pre-state Jewish police force fights for its heritage Eighty six-year-old Haim Karbi raised his voice: \"I was one of the Notrim and I am still one of the Notrim,\" he said, referring to the Jewish supernumerary police force that served under the British police during the Mandate. Karbi, a resident of Kiryat Tivon, spoke on behalf of most of the members of the Jewish force who had been active during the British Mandate, a force which effectively served as a legal arm for the Haganah (a pre-state underground militia). He spoke at a conference held last week in the former British police station in Nahalal, and attended by the former guards as well as pupils from the Reali school in Haifa. Even though more than 60 years have elapsed, it was only last year that the Notrim received any kind of recognition. \"The years go by and we are not getting any younger. Today we want our actions to also be remembered by generations to come,\" says Shmuel Rabino, chairman of the association of the Jewish guards. \"The Notrim did not receive the historical credit they were due,\" says Dr. Arye Yitzhaki, a military historian and the son of a Noter. \"They were the high point of the Haganah\'s militarism. In 1939, 22,000 fighters were serving as Notrim - an amazing figure. Almost one-third of the men fit to serve were then Notrim. We are talking about the basis for the organized army of the War of Independence.\" After a great deal of effort on the part of the guards, and with the assistance of the Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites, a modest visitors\' center has been set up in one wing of the police station. Compared with the impressive museums and memorial sites of organizations like the Palmach, the Haganah and the Irgun, it is difficult to see how the Notrim will be able to make their mark on the collective historical memory. So far, a series of pictures from the \"old days,\" a model of a guard on horseback and a short film are somehow supposed to capture the imagination of the youth of today. \"We didn\'t have cabinet ministers or prime ministers [in our ranks],\" Rabino said, offering an explanation of why they\'ve been pushed aside. Issy Vardinon stood next to him, wearing a big hat, perhaps as a nod to the Australian bush hats the Notrim used to wear. \"It hurts me to think that they don\'t know what we did,\" Vardinon says. \"Who helped the Palmach? Who rode out before them when they smuggled in children from Syria and Lebanon? We went there every night.\" Yitzhaki believes the Notrim have been forgotten \"because they did not have public relations experts and poets like the Palmach had - for example Haim Gouri and Haim Hefer. The Notrim were simple folk who did the dirty work and did not take the pen of a writer into their hands. Also the fact that they belonged to the [British] Mandate police perhaps created the feeling that they were not a \'pure\' force of our own. That is how it happened, that over the years very few research works were written about them even though there is quite a promising source for books here. There were not even songs about them, except perhaps for the song \'Hatender Nose\'a\' by Yaakov Orland and Moshe Wilensky.\" Attorney Eliahu Tsuk says he came to the conference \"because they kept calling\" him. He was a Noter in 1946 and \'47 in the Jezreel Valley and served in the 9th Regiment. He says the regional commander paid every Noter seven pounds and 24 grush per month. \"We were the cover for the Haganah\'s training exercises and the legal weapons store for the organization,\" he says. However, he admits that \"all the fame went to the Palmach. I asked to join the Palmach at the end of my studies, but we received instructions to go to the Jewish settlement police instead. It was a disappointment.\" Shimon Tzafrir, the director of the northern region of the Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites, agrees that \"nothing about [the Notrim] is known today.\" Tzafrir set up the room in the Nahalal police station that serves as the center, and helped to organize the conference. \"The Notrim were fearless fighters,\" he says. \"They effectively made up the force that preceded the Israel Defense Forces. It is regrettable that they aren\'t getting assistance today and that the [next] generations are not connected to the subject in any way. They beg their sons and grandchildren to join the association. But it doesn\'t work.\" A group of pupils gathers around Karbi after his speech, giving him hope that their efforts will pay off. They encourage him enthusiastically to come to the school and continue telling his stories of those days. \"It was great,\" one of the students says, as they look at Karbi with admiration. ******* Photomontage is the process and result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining a number of other photographs. The composite picture was sometimes photographed so that the final image is converted back into a seamless photographic print. A similar method, although one that does not use film, is realized today through image-editing software. This latter technique is referred to by professionals as \"compositing\", and in casual usage is often called \"photoshopping\".History Author Oliver Grau in his book Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion notes that the creation of artificial immersive virtual reality, arising as a result of technical exploitation of new inventions, is a long-standing human practice throughout the ages. Such Environments as dioramas were made of composited images. The first and most famous mid-Victorian photomontage (then called combination printing) was \"The Two Ways of Life\" (1857) by Oscar Rejlander, followed shortly by the pictures of photographer Henry Peach Robinson such as \"Fading Away\" (1858). These works actively set out to challenge the then-dominant painting and theatrical tableau vivants. Fantasy photomontaged postcards were popular in the Victorian and Edwardian periods.[citation needed]The preeminent producer in this period was the Bamforh Company, in Holmfirth, West Yorksihire, and New York. But the high point came during World War I, when photographers in France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Hungary produced a profusion of postcards showing soldiers on one plane and lovers, wives, children, families, or parents on another.[2] Many of the early examples of fine-art photomontage consist of photographed elements superimposed on watercolours, a combination returned to by (e.g.) George Grosz in about 1915. He was part of the Dada movement in Berlin which was instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. They first coined the term \"photomontage\" at the end of the war, around 1918 or 1919. The other major exponents were John Heartfield, Hannah Höch, Kurt Schwitters, Raoul Hausmann and Johannes Baader. Individual photos combined together to create a new subject or visual image proved to be a powerful tool for the Dadists protesting World War I and the interests that they believed inspired the war. Photomontage survived Dada and was a technique inherited and used by European Surrealists such as Salvador Dalí. The world\'s first retrospective show of photomontage was held in Germany in 1931. A later term coined in Europe was \"photocollage\"; which usually referred to large and ambitious works that added typography and brushwork or even actual objects stuck to the photomontage. Parallel to the Germans, Russian Constructivist artists such as El Lissitzky, Aleksandr Rodchenko and the husband-and-wife team of Gustav Klutsis and Valentina Kulagina created pioneering photomontage work as propaganda, such as the journal USSR in Construction, for the Soviet government. In the education sphere, media arts director Rene Acevedo and Adrian Brannan have left their mark on art classrooms the world over. Following his exile to Mexico in the late 1930s, Spanish Civil War activist and montage artist Joseph Renau compiled his acclaimed Fata Morgana USA: the American Way of Life, a book of photomontaged images highly critical of Americana and North American \"consumer culture\".[3] His contemporary, Lola Alvarez Bravo experimented with photomontages on life and social issues in Mexican cities. In Argentina during the late 1940s, the German exile Grete Stern began to contribute photomontaged work on the theme of Sueños (Dreams), as part of a regular psychoanalytical article in Idilio magazine.[4] The pioneering techniques of the early photomontage artists were co-opted by the advertising industry from the late 1920s onwards. Techniques Other methods for combining pictures are also called photomontage, such as Victorian \"combination printing\", the printing of more than one negative on a single piece of printing paper (e.g. O. G. Rejlander, 1857), front-projection and computer montage techniques. Much like a collage is composed of multiple facets, artists also combine montage techniques. Romare Bearden\'s (1912–1988) series of black and white \"photomontage projections\" is an example. His method began with compositions of paper, paint, and photographs put on boards 8½ × 11 inches. Bearden fixed the imagery with an emulsion that he then applied with handroller. Subsequently, he enlarged the collages photographically. The 19th century tradition of physically joining multiple images into a composite and photographing the results prevailed in press photography and offset lithography until the widespread use of digital image editing. Contemporary photo editors in magazines now create \"paste-ups” digitally. Creating a photomontage has, for the most part, become easier with the advent of computer software such as Adobe Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, Corel Photopaint, Pixelmator, Paint.NET or GIMP. These programs make the changes digitally, allowing for faster workflow and more precise results. They also mitigate mistakes by allowing the artist to \"undo\" errors. Yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current trend is to create pictures that combine painting, theatre, illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole. The ethics of photomontage A photomontage may contain elements at once real and imaginary. Two-dimensional representation of physical space in a picture is, by definition, an illusion. Such combined photos and digital manipulation can set up a collision between aesthetics and ethics - for instance, in faked news photographs that are presented to the world as real. In the United States, for example, the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) have set out a Code of Ethics promoting the accuracy of published images, advising that photographers \"do not manipulate images [...] that can mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects.\"[5] See also: Photojournalism Scrapbooking photo-collage Photomontage can also be present in the scrapbooking phenomenon, in which family images are pasted into scrapbooks and collaged along with paper ephemera and decorative items. Digital art scrapbooking employs a computer to create simple collaged designs and captions. The amateur scrapbooker can turn home projects into professional output, such as CDs, DVDs, display on TV, or uploaded to a website for viewing or assembly into one or more books for sharing. See also: Scrapbooking Photo manipulation Main article: Photo manipulation Photo manipulation refers to alterations made to a previously unchanged image. Often, the goal of photo manipulation is to create another realistic image. This has led to numerous political and ethical concerns, particularly in journalism.