XL VINTAGE Teak Wood Puppet Head Retractable Tongue Real Human Hair


XL VINTAGE Teak Wood Puppet Head Retractable Tongue Real Human Hair

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XL VINTAGE Teak Wood Puppet Head Retractable Tongue Real Human Hair:
$125.00


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VINTAGE Teak Wood Puppet Head

Extra Large

Retractable Tongue

Real Human Hair

100% HANDMADE

This is a superb teak woodMarionettePuppet Head withretractable tongue that moves in and out when you pull the string on the top of the head. This piece also has real human hair. I found this piece during a recent visit to the Golden Triangle region.Before the advent of television, puppets like this were very popular and played a crucial role in culture and religion throughout Southeast Asia and beyond. DON\'T LET THIS UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY PASS YOU BY... BUY IT NOW!

Dimensions: Approx: Extra Large 5 inches X 4 inches X 4 inches (Can be seen in photos above).

Materials: Teak Wood

Age: 19th Century

Don\'t let this unique opportunity pass you by. Buy it Now!

Thanks for your time and consideration... Dobuydon

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PuppetryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\"Puppet show\" redirects here. For other uses, seePuppet show (disambiguation).PuppetryPunch and Judypuppetry performance to children in Thornton Hough, EnglandAncestor artsTheatreOriginating era3000 yearsBCPerforming artsMajor forms
    Ballet
  • Dance
  • Music
  • Opera
  • Theatre
Minor forms
    Circus skills
  • Magic
  • Mime
  • Puppetry
  • Speech
Genres
    Comedy
  • Drama
  • Epic
  • Lyrical
  • Romance
  • Tragedy
  • Tragicomedy
  • Satire
  • v
  • t
  • e

Puppetryis a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation ofpuppets. It is very ancient, and is believed to have originated 3000 yearsBC.[1]Puppetry takes many forms but they all share the process of animating inanimate performing objects. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially inritualsand celebrations such ascarnivals.[2]

Most puppetry involvesstorytelling.

Contents[hide]
  • 1History
    • 1.1Africa
    • 1.2Asia
      • 1.2.1East and South Asia
      • 1.2.2West Asia
    • 1.3Europe
      • 1.3.1Ancient Greece and Rome
      • 1.3.2Puppetry in Italy - Middle Ages and Renaissance
      • 1.3.3Italy - 18th and 19th centuries
      • 1.3.4France
      • 1.3.5Great Britain
      • 1.3.6Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, and Russia
      • 1.3.7Germany and Austria
      • 1.3.8Czech Republic
      • 1.3.919th century
    • 1.4North America
    • 1.5Oceania
  • 2Contemporary puppetry
  • 3See also
  • 4References
  • 5External links
  • 6Books and articles

History[edit]

Puppetry is a very ancient art form, thought to have originated about 3000 years ago.[1]Puppets have been used since the earliest times to animate and communicate the ideas and needs of human societies.[3]Some historians claim that they pre-date actors in theater.[citation needed]There is evidence that they were used inEgyptas early as 2000 BC when string-operated figures of wood were manipulated to perform the action of kneading bread.[citation needed]Wire controlled, articulated puppets made of clay andhave also been found in Egyptian tombs.[citation needed]Hieroglyphsalso describe \"walking statues\" being used in AncientEgyptianreligious dramas.[1]Puppetry was practiced inAncient Greeceand the oldest written records of puppetry can be found in the works ofHerodotusandXenophon, dating from the 5th century BC.[4][5][6]

Africa[edit]

Sub-Saharan Africa may have inherited some of the puppet traditions of Ancient Egypt.[1]Certainly, secret societies in many African ethnic groups still use puppets (andmasks) in ritual dramas as well as in their healing and hunting ceremonies.[citation needed]Today, puppetry continues as a popular form, often within a ceremonial context, and as part of a wide range of folk forms including dance, storytelling, andmasked performance.[citation needed]

Throughout rural Africa, puppetry still performs the function of transmitting cultural values and ideas that in large African cities is increasingly undertaken by formal education, books, cinema, and television.[citation needed]

Asia[edit]East and South Asia[edit]\"A Children\'s Puppet Show\" (傀儡婴戏图轴), a painting byChinese artistLiu Songnian(刘松年 1174-1224 AD),Song DynastyA street puppet show consisting the drama between two wives ofShiva.GangaandGowri. Performed only by women in the streets of centralKarnatakaaroundDavangere

There is slight evidence for puppetry in theIndus Valley Civilization. Archaeologists have unearthed one terracotta doll with a detachable head capable of manipulation by a string dating to 2500 BC.[7]Another figure is a terracotta monkey which could be manipulated up and down a stick, achieving minimum animation in both cases.[7]The epicMahabharata,Tamil literaturefrom theSangam Era, and various literary works dating from the late centuries BC to the early centuries AD, includingAshokan edicts, describe puppets.[8]Works like theNatya Shastraand theKamasutraelaborate on puppetry in some detail.[9]The JavaneseWayangtheater was influenced byIndiantraditions.[10]Some scholars trace the origin of puppets to India 4000 years ago, where the main character inSanskritplays was known as \"Sutradhara\", \"the holder of strings\".[11]China has a history of puppetry dating back 2000 years, originally in \"pi-ying xi\", the \"theatre of the lantern shadows\", or, as it is more commonly known today,Chinese shadow theatre. By theSong Dynasty(960-1279 AD), puppets played to all social classes including the courts, yet puppeteers, as in Europe, were considered to be from a lower social stratum.[1]InTaiwan,budaixipuppet shows, somewhat similar to the Japanese Bunraku, occur with puppeteers working in the background or underground. Some very experienced puppeteers can manipulate their puppets to perform various stunts, for example,somersaultsin the air.

Japanhas many forms of puppetry, including thebunraku. Bunraku developed out of Shinto temple rites and gradually became a highly sophisticated form of puppetry. Chikamatsu Monzaemon, considered by many to be Japan\'s greatest playwright, gave up writing Kabuki plays and focused exclusively on the puppet-only Bunraku plays. Initially consisting of one puppeteer, by 1730 three puppeteers were used to operate each puppet in full view of the audience.[1]The puppeteers, who dressed all in black, would become invisible when standing against a black background, while the torches illuminated only the carved, painted and costumed wooden puppets.

  • Chinese shadow puppet (Beijing style)

  • Chinese stick puppets

  • Sanbaso Bunraku Puppet, Tonda Puppet Troupe, Japan

  • The character Osono from the playHade Sugata Onna Maiginu, in a performance by the Tonda Puppet Troupe ofNagahama,Shiga, Japan - an example of Japanese Bunraku puppetry.

Puppeteer fromRajasthan(India)

InKorea, the tradition of puppetry is thought to have come from China. The oldest historical evidence of puppetry in China comes from a letter written in 982 A.D. from Choe Seung-roe to the King.[12]In Korean, the word for puppet is \"ggogdu gagsi\".[12]\"Gagsi\" means a \"bride\" or a \"young woman\", which was the most common form the dolls took. A ggogdu gagsi puppet play has eight scenes.[12]

ThailandhasHun Krabok, a rod puppet theatre which is the most popular form of puppetry.

Vietnamdeveloped the art form ofmua roi nuoc, a water puppetry that is unique to that country. The puppets are built out of wood and the shows are performed in a waist high pool. A large rod under the water is used by the puppeteers to support and control the puppets. The appearance is created of the puppets moving over water. The origin of this form of puppetry dates back seven hundred years when the rice fields would flood and the villagers would entertain each other, eventually resulting in puppet show competitions between villages. This led to puppet societies becoming secretive and exclusive.

India has a long tradition of puppetry. In the ancient Indian epicMahabharatathere are references to puppets. TheRajasthani Puppetfrom India is notable and there are many Indian ventriloquists and puppeteers. The first Indian ventriloquist, Professor Y.K. Padhye, introduced this form of puppetry to India in the 1920s and his son,Ramdas Padhye, subsequently popularised ventriloquism and puppetry.

Tholpavakoothu(or Tolpava Koothu) is a tradition ofshadow puppetrythat is unique toKerala,India. Tholpavakoothu puppet plays are based on selected verses from theTamilepicKamba Ramayana. As a ritualistic art form, Tholpavakoothu is performed at more than 100 temples in of Kerala from January through May on specially constructed stages calledkoothumadams.[13]Depending on the temple tradition, the performance may last 7, 14, 21, 41 or 71 days.[14]Tholpavakoothu shadow puppets are typically made out of animal skin, and are held by a thin stick in one hand while the limbs are manipulated by a thinner stick held in the puppeteer\'s other hand. About 160 puppets are used for the complete version of theKamba Ramayana, representing 71 characters in four main categories (sitting, standing, walking, fighting), as well as puppets to depict nature, battle scenes and ceremonial parades. The shadow puppets are manipulated by eight or more artists behind a long cotton screen. The shadow puppets are lit from behind by 21 oil lamps made of coconut halves, placed equidistantly on a wooden beam behind the screen, causing the puppets\' shadows to fall on the screen.[13]The language used in Tholpavakoothu performances is a dialect ofTamilalong withSanskritandMalayalamwords. Performances are traditionally accompanied by musical instruments from Kerala such as thechenda,madhalamorezhupara(a cylindrical drum made out ofjackfruitwood and covered with calf-skin on both reedwind instrument) andcherukuzhal.[13]Performances start at about 10 p.m. and continue till daybreak. They are enjoyed by the general public as a popular entertainment while they are received as a religious offering by devotees.[14]Indonesiahas a strong tradition of puppetry. InJava,wayang kulit, an elaborate form of shadow puppetry is very popular. Javanese rod puppets have a long history and are used to tell fables from Javanese history.

  • Traditional Indonesian puppets and puppeteer

  • Wayang puppet from Bali, Indonesia

Afghanistanhas produced a form of puppetry known asbuz-baz. During a performance a puppeteer will simultaneously operate a marionette of amarkhorwhile playing adambura.

West Asia[edit]Karagoz, Turkish shadow puppetry

Middle Eastern puppetry, like its other theatre forms, is influenced by the Islamic culture.Karagoz, the Turkish Shadow Theatre, has widely influenced puppetry in the region and it is thought to have passed from China by way of India. Later, it was taken by theMongolsfrom the Chinese and passed to the Turkish peoples of Central Asia. The art of Shadow Theater was brought toAnatoliaby the Turkish people emigrating from Central Asia. Other scholars claim that shadow theater came to Anatolia in the 16th century fromEgypt. The advocates of this view claim that shadow theatre found its way into the Ottoman palaces whenYavuz Sultan Selimconquered Egypt in 1517. He saw shadow theatre performed during a party in his honour and he was said to be so impressed with it that he took the puppeteer back to his palace inIstanbulwhere his 21-year -old son, later SultanSuleyman the Magnificent, developed an interest in the plays.[15]

In other areas, the style of shadow puppetry known askhayal al-zill, ametaphortranslated as \"shadows of the imagination\" or \"shadow of fancy\", still survives. This is a shadow play with live music, \"the accompaniment of drums, tambourines and flutes...also...\"special effects\" – smoke, fire, thunder, rattles, squeaks, thumps, and whatever else might elicit a laugh or a shudder from his audience\"[16]

In [Iran], puppets are known to have existed much earlier than 1000 AD, but initially only glove and string puppets were popular .[17]Other genres of puppetry emerged during theQajarera (18th and 19th centuries) as influences from Turkey spread to the region.Kheimeh Shab-Baziis a traditional Persian puppet show which is performed in a small chamber by a musical performer and astorytellercalled amorshedornaghal. These shows often take place alongside storytelling in traditional tea and coffee-houses (Ghahve-Khaneh\"). The dialogue takes place between the morshed and the puppets.[18]A recent example of puppetry in Iran is the touring operaRostam and Sohrab.[19]

Europe[edit]Ancient Greece and Rome[edit]Ancient Greek terracotta puppet dolls, 5th/4th century BC,National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Although there are few remaining examples of puppets from ancient Greece, historical literature and archaeological findings shows the existence of puppetry. TheGreekword translated as \"puppet\" is \"νευρόσπαστος\" (nevrospastos), which literally means \"drawn by strings, string-pulling\",[20]from \"νεῦρον\" (nevron), meaning either \"sinew, tendon, muscle, string\", or \"wire\",[21]and \"σπάω\" (spaō), meaning \"draw, pull\".[22][23]Aristotlereferred to pulling strings to control heads, hands and eyes, shoulders and legs.[24]Plato\'s work also contains references to puppetry. TheIliadand theOdysseywere presented using puppetry. The roots of European puppetry probably extend back to the Greek plays with puppets played to the \"common people\" in the 5th century BC. By the 3rd century BC these plays would appear in the Theatre ofDionysusat theAcropolis.[1]

Inancient Greeceandancient Romeclay dolls, and a few , dated from around 500 BC, were found in children\'s tombs. These dolls had articulated arms and legs, and in some cases an iron rod extending up from the tops of their heads. This rod was used to manipulate the doll from above, as it is done today in Sicilian puppetry. A few of these dolls had strings in place of rods. Some researchers believe these ancient figures were simply toys and not puppets, due to their small size.[25]

Sicilian Puppet TheatreGioppino and Brighella, Bergamo, ItalyPuppetry in Italy - Middle Ages and Renaissance[edit]

Italy is considered by many to be the early home of the marionette due to the influence of Roman puppetry.XenophonandPlutarchrefer to them.[26]The Christian church used marionettes to performmorality plays.[26]It is believed that the wordmarionetteoriginates from the little figures of theVirgin Mary, hence the word \"marionette\" or \"Mary doll.[27]Comedy was introduced to the plays as time went by, and ultimately led to a church edict banning puppetry. Puppeteers responded by setting up stages outside cathedrals and became even moreribaldandslapstick. Out of this grew the Italian comedy calledCommedia dell\'arte. Puppets were used at times in this form of theatre and sometimesShakespeare\'s plays were performed using marionettes instead of actors.[28]

InSicily, the sides of donkey carts are decorated with intricate, painted scenes from the Frankish romantic poems, such asThe Song of Roland. These same tales are enacted in traditional puppet theatres featuring hand-made marionettes of wood. In Sicilian this is called \"Opera dei pupi\", or \"Opera of the puppets\". The \"Opera dei pupi\" and the Sicilian tradition of cantastorie, the word for Ἆἅ†††〈〉|Provençal troubadour tradition]], in Sicily during the reign ofFrederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the first half of the 13th century.

Italy - 18th and 19th centuries[edit]

The 18th century was a vital period in the development of all Italian theatre, including the marionette theatre. The rod puppet was mainly of lower-class origin, but the marionette theatre was popular inaristocraticcircles, as a celebration of theAge of Enlightenment. The effects, and the artful and complex construction of the puppets, the puppet theatres, and the puppet narratives, were all popular, particularly in Venice.[29]

In the 19th century, the marionettes ofPietro Radillobecame more complex and instead of just the rod and two strings, Radillo\'s marionettes were controlled by as many as eight strings, which increased control over the individual body parts of the marionettes.[citation needed]

France[edit]

Guignolis the main character in the French puppet show which has come to bear his name. Although often thought of as children\'s entertainment, Guignol\'s sharp wit and linguistic verve have always been appreciated by adults as well, as shown by the motto of a prominentLyontroupe: \"Guignol amuses children… and witty adults\".

Guignol de Lyon

Laurent Mourguet, Guignol\'s creator, fell on hard times during the French Revolution, and in 1797 started to practicedentistry, which in those days was simply the pulling of teeth. To attract patients, he started setting up a puppet show in front of his dentist\'s chair.

His first shows featuredPolichinelle, a character borrowed from the Italiancommedia dell\'arte. By 1804 the success was such that he gave up dentistry altogether and became a professional puppeteer, creating his own scenarios drawing on the concerns of his working-class audience and improvising references to the news of the day. He developed characters closer to the daily lives of his Lyon audience, first Gnafron, a wine-loving cobbler, and in 1808 Guignol. Other characters, including Guignol\'s wife Madelon and thegendarmeFlagéolet soon followed, but these are never much more than foils for the two heroes. Guignol\'s inevitable victory is always the triumph of good over evil.

Great Britain[edit]British Puppet theatre (Punch and Judy style), c. 1770

The traditional BritishPunch and Judypuppetry traces its roots to the 16th century to the Italiancommedia dell\'arte.[30]The character of \"Punch\" derives from the characterPulcinella, which was Anglicized toPunchinello. He is a manifestation of theLord of MisruleandTrickster, figures of deep-rooted mythologies. Punch\'s wife was originally \"Joan\", but later became \"Judy\". In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the familiarPunch and Judypuppet show which existed in Britain was performed in an easily transportablebooth. The British Puppet and Model Theatre Guild in the early 20th century instigated a resurgence of puppetry. Two of the Guild\'s founders, H. W. Whanslaw and Waldo Lanchester, both worked to promote and develop puppetry with publications of books and literature, mainly focusing on the art of the marionette. Lanchester had a touring theatre and a permanent venue inMalvern, Worcestershire, regularly taking part in the Malvern Festival and attracting the attention ofGeorge Bernard Shaw. One of Shaw\'s last plays,Shakes versus Shav, was written for and first performed in 1949 by the company.[citation needed]

From 1957-1969,Gerry Andersonproduced many television series starring marionettes, starting withRoberta Leigh\'sThe Adventures of Twizzleand ending withThe Secret Service. Many of these series (the most famous of which wasThunderbirds) employed a technique calledSupermarionation, which automatically synchronized the pre-recorded character dialogue to the puppets\' mouth movements. Anderson returned to puppetry in 1983 withTerrahawksand the unairedpilotSpace Policein 1987.

Current British puppetry theatres include theLittle Angel TheatreinIslington, London,Puppet Theatre Bargein London,Norwich Puppet Theatre, theHarlequin Puppet Theatre,Rhos-on-Sea, Wales, and the Biggar Puppet Theatre,Biggar, Lanarkshire,Scotland. British puppetry now covers a wide range of styles and approaches.Don Austen, a British puppeteer, worked withJim Henson\'s Creature Shop, and also worked on a number of feature films. There are also a number of British theatre companies, includingHorse and Bamboo Theatre, andGreen Ginger, which integrate puppetry into highly visual productions. From 1984 to 1996, puppetry was used as a vehicle for politicalsatirein the British television seriesSpitting Image. Puppetry has also been influencing mainstream theatre, and several recent productions combine puppetry with live action, includingWarhorse, at theRoyal National TheatreandMadam Butterflyat theEnglish National Opera.[citation needed]

Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, and Russia[edit]

Many regional variants of Pulcinella were developed as the character spread across Europe. In the Netherlands it isJan Klaassen(and Judy isKatrijn); in DenmarkMester Jackel; in RussiaPetrushka; and in RomaniaVasilache. In Russia, the Central Puppet Theatre in Moscow and its branches in every part of the country enhanced the reputation of the puppeteer and puppetry in general.[31]

  • Polichinelle caricature, France

  • Puppet theater with Gioppino and Brighella, Bergamo Italy

  • Traditional puppets from Liège, Belgium

TheQueen of the Nightfrom a production of Mozart\'sThe Magic Fluteby the Salzburg Marionette Theatre, AustriaGermany and Austria[edit]

There is a long tradition of puppetry in Germany and Austria. Much of it derives from the 16th century tradition of the Italiancommedia dell\'arte.[30]The German version of the British character of \'Punch\' is calledKasperleof Kaspar while Judy is calledGrete.[30]In the 18th century, operas were specifically composed for marionette puppets.Gluck,Haydn,[32]de FallaandRespighiall composed adult operas for marionettes. In 1855,Count Franz Poccifounded the Munich Marionette Theatre. A German dramatist, poet, painter and composer, Pocci wrote 40 puppet plays for his theatre.Albrecht Roserhas made a considerable impact with his marionettes inStuttgart. His charactersClown GustafandGrandmotherare well-known.[33]Grandmother, while outwardly charming, is savagely humorous in her observations about all aspects of society and the absurdities of life. InLindau,the Lindau Marionette Operawas founded in 2000 byBernard LeismuellerandRalf Hechelmann. The company performs a large number of operas as well as a marionette ballet,Swan Lake. In Augsburg, the historicAugsburg Marionette Theatrewas founded in 1943 byWalter Oehmichen. It continues to this day along with an adjoining puppet museum under the grandsons of the founder,Klaus MarschallandJuergen Marschall. Much earlier in nearbySalzburg, Austria, theSalzburg Marionette Theatrewas founded in 1913 by ProfessorAnton Aicherand is world famous. The Salzburg Marionette Theatre still continues the tradition of presenting full length opera using marionettes in their own purpose built theatre until recently under the direction ofGretl Aicher. It performs mainly operas such asDie FledermausandThe Magic Fluteand a small number of ballets such asThe Nutcracker.[34]The Salzburg Marionette Theatre productions are aimed for adults although children are of course welcome. There is also a marionette theatre at Schoenbrunn Palace in Vienna.

Marionette Theatre, Prague, Czech RepublicPuppet Theatre, Ostrava, Czech RepublicCzech Republic[edit]

Marionette puppet theatre has had a very long history in entertainment inPrague, and elsewhere in the Czech Republic. It can be traced deep into the early part of the Middle Ages.[35]Marionettes first appeared around the time of the Thirty Years\' War.[35]The first noted Czech puppeteer was Jan Jiri Brat, who was born in 1724. He was the son of a local carpenter and created his own puppet theatre.[35]Matej Kopecky was the most famous 19th-century Czech puppeteer,[35]and was responsible for communicating the ideas of national awareness.[35]In 1920 and 1926 respectively,Josef Skupacreated his most famous puppets: comical fatherSpejbland his rascal sonHurvínek.[36]In 1930, he set up the first modern professional puppet theatre. An important puppet organisation is theNational Marionette Theatrein Prague. Its repertoire mainly features a marionette production ofMozart\'s famousDon Giovanni. The production has period costumes and a beautifully designed 18th-century setting. There are numerous other companies, including Buchty a Loutky (\"Cakes and Puppets\"), founded byMarek Bečka.[35]Puppets have been used extensively in animated films since 1946.[35]Jiří Trnkawas an acknowledged leader in this area.[35]Miroslav Trejtnaris a master puppeteer and teacher of traditional Czech marionette-making skills.

19th century[edit]

Throughout this period, puppetry developed separately from the emerging mainstream of actor theatres, and the \'ragged\' puppeteers performed outside of theatre buildings at fairs, markets etc. - continuing to be classified along with bandits and gypsies.[1]In the 19th century, puppetry faced competition from other forms of theatre such asvaudevilleandmusic hall, but it adapted to these challenges, for example: by developing stage acts and participating in the new forms of popular theatre, or reinventing itself in other ways and finding audiences at the newly fashionable seaside resorts.

North America[edit]

TheTeotihuacanculture (Central Mexico) of 600 AD made figurines with moveable arms and legs as part of their funerary rites.Native Americansalso used ceremonial puppets.[1]In 1519, two puppeteers accompaniedHernando Cortezon his first journey to Mexico. Europeans brought their own puppet traditions with them, but gradually distinctive styles, forms and puppet characters developed inNorth America.[2]

During the Depression, folk puppeteers traveled with carnivals, working with their own scripts and with dioramas and marionettes of their own manufacture.

Some advances in 20th-century puppetry have originated in theUnited States. Marionette puppetry was combined with television as early as the 1940s, withHowdy Doodyof the United States being a notable marionette in this field.Bil Bairdworked on revitalising marionette theatre and puppetry in the United States. He and his wife,Cora Eisenberghad their own marionette theatre in New York.Edgar Bergenalso made a major contribution.[37]In the 1960s Peter Schumann\'sBread and Puppet Theaterdeveloped the political and artistic possibilities of puppet theatre in a distinctive, powerful and immediately recognizable way. At roughly the same time,Jim Hensonwas creating a type of soft, foam-rubber and cloth puppet which became known collectively asMuppets. Initially, through the children\'s television showSesame Street, and later inThe Muppet Showand on film, these inspired many imitators and are today are recognised almost everywhere.Wayland Flowersalso made a major contribution to adult puppetry with his satirical puppet,Madame.

Puppets also have been used in theStar Warsfilms, notably with the character ofYoda. His voice and manipulation was provided byFrank Oz.

  • Edgar Bergenand his puppetCharlie McCarthy

  • Puppets in theBread and Puppet TheaterMuseum in Glover, Vermont, USA

  • Mallory LewisandLamb Chop

  • Leslie Madeline Fleming and Bleeckie, a character from a series of web videos.

Oceania[edit]

Theaboriginalpeoples of Australia have a long tradition of oral storytelling which goes back many thousands of years. They used masks and other objects to convey deep and meaningful themes about morality and nature. There are links between as an early form of ritualistic human carnival puppetry. Masks were carved from wood and heavily decorated with paint and feathers. In many of the Pacific countries, there has been a heavy emphasis on ritual.

With the arrival of European settlers, a different sort of puppetry took shape. In Australia in the 1960s,Peter Scrivenfounded theMarionette Theatre Company of Australiaand had beautiful marionette productions such asThe Tintookies,Little Fella Bindi.[38]The ExplorersandThe Water Babies.Bilbar Puppet Theatre, established byBarbara Turnbulland her husbandBill Turnbull (puppeteer)toured Australia extensively under the auspices of theQueensland Arts Councilin the 1970s and 1980s. Their puppets are now held in the Moncrieff Library of the Performing Arts,Queensland Performing Arts Centre,Brisbane.David Hamilton, one of the last remaining marionette puppeteers in Australia, tours independently and under the auspices of the Queensland Arts Council. In MelbourneHandspan Theatre1977-2002 evolved from humble collective beginnings to evolve a design-rich large theatre format dubbed \'Visual Theatre\' and became a hot-house for innovative projects and award-winning multimedia collaborations within Australia and around the world.

Snuff PuppetsSkullies from Scarey

There are a great many thriving puppet companies in Australia. At one time a post-graduate course existed at theVictorian College of the Arts,University of Melbourne. Australian puppeteerNorman Hetheringtonwas famous for his marionette,Mr. Squigglewho featured on an Australian Broadcasting Commission television program for many years from 1 July 1959. The last episode was on 9 July 1999. In every episode he would create several pictures from \"squiggles\" sent in by children from around the country.Richard Bradshaw OAMis another famous Australian puppeteer. He is a past President ofUNIMA Australia, former artistic director of the Marionette Theatre Company of Australia[39]and is renowned for his shadow puppetry and writing in the field.Rod Hullalso made a contribution with his puppetEmu. In the 1960s, Hull presented a children\'s breakfast television programme in Australia.Snuff Puppetsis one of Australia\'s modern puppet theatre troupes. Based inMelbourne, their work is full of wild black humour, political and sexual satire and a hand made visually aesthetic. Snuff Puppets has performed in over 15 countries, including tours to major festivals in Asia, South America and Europe. There is an annual winter festival of puppets at the City of Melbourne\'s ArtPlay and at Federation Square in Melbourne.

In New Zealand, a similar history has taken place.

Contemporary puppetry[edit]Puppet theatre in Moscow, Russia in 1958Performance of theKstovoPuppet Theatre

From early in the 19th century, puppetry began to inspire artists from the \'high-art\' traditions. In 1810,Heinrich von Kleistwrote an essay \'On the Marionette Theatre\', admiring the \"lack of self-consciousness\" of the puppet.

Puppetry developed throughout the 20th century in a variety of ways. Supported by the parallel development of cinema, television and other filmed media it now reaches a larger audience than ever. Another development, starting at the beginning of the century, was the belief that puppet theatre, despite its popular and folk roots, could speak to adult audiences with an adult, and experimental voice, and reinvigorate the high art tradition of actors\' theatre.[40]

Sergei Obraztsovexplored the concept ofkukolnost(\'puppetness\'), despiteJoseph Stalin\'s insistence on realism. Other pioneers, includingEdward Gordon CraigandErwin Piscatorwere influenced by puppetry in their crusade to regalvanise the mainstream.Maeterlinck,Shaw,Lorcaand others wrote puppet plays, and artists such asPicasso,Jarry, andLégerbegan to work in theatre.[1]

Craig\'s concept of the \"übermarionette\"—in which the director treats the actors like objects—has been highly influential on contemporary \"object theatre\" and \"physical theatre\".[citation needed]Tadeusz Kantorfrequently substituted actors for puppets, or combined the two, and conducted each performance from the edge of the stage, in some ways similar to a puppeteer. Kantor influenced a new formalist generation of directors such asRichard ForemanandRobert Wilsonwho were concerned with the \'object\' in theatrical terms \"putting it on stage and finding different ways of looking at it\" (Foreman). Innovatory puppeteers such asTony Sarg, Waldo Lanchester, John Wright,Bil Baird, Joan Baixas, Sergei Obratsov, Philipe Genty,Peter Schumann,Dattatreya Aralikatte,Jim Henson,Dadi Pudumjee, andJulie Taymorhave also continued to develop the forms and content of puppetry, so that the phrase \'puppet theatre\' is no longer limited to traditional forms of marionettes, glove, or rod puppets. Directors and companies like Peter Schumann ofBread and Puppet Theatre, Bob Frith ofHorse and Bamboo Theatre, and Sandy Speiler ofIn the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatrehave also combined mask and puppet theatre where the performer, puppets and objects are integrated within a largely visual theatre world that minimises the use of spoken language.[41]

Puppetry is now probably more familiar through television and movies rathear than through live performance, but this still flourishes throughout the world. In the world of theatre, puppetry continues to be influential, and despite its \'outsider\' status acts as an invigorating and rejuvenating influence on its mainstream relative, and feeds through object and physical theatre many of the most exciting developments in contemporary theatre.[citation needed]



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