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Hamilton Fish Hamilton FishFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other people named Hamilton Fish, seeHamilton Fish (disambiguation).Hamilton Fish26thUnited States Secretary of StateIn officeMarch 17, 1869– March 12, 1877PresidentUlysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. HayesPreceded byElihu B. WashburneSucceeded byWilliam M. EvartsUnited States Senator
fromNew YorkIn office
December 1, 1851– March 3, 1857Preceded byDaniel S. DickinsonSucceeded byPreston King16thGovernor of New YorkIn office
January 1, 1849– December 31, 1850LieutenantGeorge Washington PattersonPreceded byJohn YoungSucceeded byWashington HuntLieutenant Governor of New YorkIn office
January 1, 1848– December 31, 1848GovernorJohn YoungPreceded byAlbert Lester
as Acting Lieutenant GovernorSucceeded byGeorge W. PattersonMember of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromNew York\'s6thdistrictIn office
December 4, 1843– March 3, 1845Preceded byJames G. ClintonSucceeded byWilliam W. CampbellPersonal detailsBornAugust 3, 1808
New York City, New York, USDiedSeptember 7, 1893(aged85)
Garrison, New York, USPolitical partyWhig,RepublicanSpouse(s)Julia Kean FishAlma materColumbia College of Columbia UniversityProfessionPolitician, LawyerReligionEpiscopalianSignature
Hamilton Fish(August 3, 1808– September 7, 1893), was an American statesman and politician who served as the16th Governor of New York, aUnited States SenatorandUnited States Secretary of State. Fish is recognized as the \"pillar\" of theGrant Administrationand considered one of the best U.S. Secretaries of State by scholars, known for his judiciousness and efforts towards reform and diplomatic moderation.[1][2]Fish settled the controversialAlabamaClaimswith Great Britain through his development of the concept ofinternational arbitration.[1]Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain overCubanindependence by coolly handling the volatileVirginiusIncident.[1]In 1875, Fish initiated theprocessthat would ultimately lead to Hawaiian statehood, by having negotiated areciprocal trade treatyfor the island nation\'s sugar production.[1]He also organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington D.C. between South American countries and Spain.[3]Fish worked with James Milton Turner, America\'s first African American consul, to settle theLiberian-Grebowar.[4]President Grant said he trusted Fish the most for political advice.[5]
Fish came from a prominent wealthy New York family and attendedColumbia College of Columbia University. Upon graduation, Fish passed the bar, worked as New York\'scommissioner of deeds, and ran unsuccessfully for New York State Assembly as a Whig candidate in 1834. After his marriage, Fish returned to New York politics in 1843 and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Fish ran for New York\'s Lieutenant Governor in 1846, however, he was defeated by a DemocraticAnti-Rent Partycontender. When the office was vacated in 1847, Fish ran and was elected Lieutenant Governor. In 1848 Fish ran and was elected Governor of New York having served only one term. In 1851, Fish was elected U.S. Senator for the state of New York and served only one term. Fish gained valuable experience serving on theU.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. During the 1850s Fish became a Republican after the Whig party dissolved. In terms of the slavery issue, Fish was a moderate, having disapproved of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the expansion of slavery.
After traveling to Europe, Fish returned to America and supportedAbraham Lincolnas the Republican candidate for President in 1860. During theAmerican Civil War, Fish raised money for the Union war effort and served on Lincoln\'s presidential commission that made successful arrangements for Union andConfederatetroop prisoner exchanges. Fish returned to his law practice after the Civil War, and was thought to have retired from political life. WhenUlysses S. Grantwas elected President in 1868, he appointed Fish as U.S. Secretary of State in 1869. Fish took on the State Department with vigor, reorganized the office, and established civil service reform. During his 8-year tenure, Fish had to contend with Cuban belligerency, the settlement of theAlabamaclaims, Canadian border disputes, and theVirginiusincident. Fish implemented the new concept of international arbitration, where disputes between countries were settled by negotiations, rather than military conflicts. Fish was involved in a politicalfeudbetween SenatorCharles Sumnerand President Grant in the latter\'s unsuccessful efforts toannextheDominican Republic. Fish organized a naval expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to open trade withKoreain 1871. Leaving office and politics in 1877, Fish returned to private life and continued to serve on various historical associations. Fish\'s male descendants would later serve in the U.S. House of Representatives for three generations. Fish died of old age in his luxurious New York State home in 1893.
Contents[show]Early life, education, and career[edit]Hamilton Fish was born on August 3, 1808 at what is now known as theStuyvesant–Fish HouseinGreenwich Village, New York City, toNicholas Fishand Elizabeth Stuyvesant (a great-great-granddaughter ofNew Amsterdam\'sPeter Stuyvesant), and his parents named him after their friendAlexander Hamilton.[6]Nicholas Fish (1758–1833) was a leadingFederalistpolitician and notable figure of theAmerican Revolutionary War. Col. Fish was active in theYorktown Campaignthat resulted in the surrender of Lord Cornwallis.[6]Peter Stuyvesantwas a prominent founder of New York, then a Dutch Colony, and his family owned much property in Manhattan.[7]
Fish received his primary education at the private school of M. Bancel.[8]In 1827, Fish graduated fromColumbia College of Columbia University, having obtained high honors.[8]At Columbia, Fish became fluent in French, a language that would later help him as U.S. Secretary of State.[9]After his graduation, Fish studied law for three years in the law office ofPeter A. Jay, served as president of thePhilolexian Society, and wasadmitted to the New York barin 1830, practicing briefly withWilliam Beach Lawrence.[8][9]Influenced politically by his father, Fish aligned himself to theWhig Party.[8]He served ascommissioner of deedsfor the city and county of New York from 1832 through 1833, and was an unsuccessful Whig candidate forNew York State Assemblyin 1834.[9]
Marriage and family[edit]On December 15, 1836 Hamilton Fish married Julia Kean (a descendant of a New Yorker who was a New Jersey governor,William Livingston).[10]The couple\'s lengthy married life was described as happy and Mrs. Fish was known for her \"sagacity and judgement\".[10]The couple had three sons and five daughters.[10]Hamilton Fish had multiple notable descendants and relatives.
New York political career[edit]U. S. Representative Hamilton FishSketch by Fenderich -1844U.S. Representative[edit]
For eight years after his defeat as a Representative in the New York State Assembly, Fish was reluctant to run for office.[11]However,Whigparty leaders in 1842 convinced him to run for theHouse of Representatives.[11]In November, Fish was elected to the House of Representatives; having defeatedDemocratJohn McKeonand serving in the28th CongressfromNew York\'s 6th Districtbetween 1843 and 1845.[11]The Whigs at this time were in the minority in the House; however, Fish gained valued national experience serving on the Committee of Military Affairs.[11]Fish failed to win a re-election offer for a second term in the House.[8]
Lieutenant Governor[edit]Fish was the Whig candidate forLieutenant Governor of New Yorkin 1846, butwas defeatedby DemocratAddison Gardinerwho had been endorsed by theAnti-Rent Party.[12]Leasing farmers in New York refused to pay rent to large land tract owners and sometimes resorted to violence and intimidation.[12]Fish had opposed the Anti-Rent Party for the use of illegal tactics not to pay rent.[12][8]Gardinerwas electedin May 1847 a judge of theNew York Court of Appealsand vacated the office of lieutenant governor.[12]Fish was then inNovember 1847elected to fill the vacancy, and was Lieutenant Governor in 1848.[12]Lieut. Gov. Fish had a favorable reputation for being \"conciliatory\" and for his \"firmness\" over the New York Senate.[13]
Gubernatorial portrait of Hamilton Fish.Governor[edit]InNovember 1848, he was electedGovernor of New York, defeatingJohn A. DixandReuben H. Walworth, and served from January 1, 1849, to December 31, 1850.[14]At 40 years of age, Fish was one of the youngest governors to be elected in New York history.[14]Fish advocated and signed into law free public education facilities throughout New York state.[14]He also advocated and signed into law the building of an asylum and school for theintellectually disabled.[14]During his tenor the canal system in the state of New York was increased.[8]In 1850, Fish recommended that the state legislature form a committee to collect and publish the Colonial Laws of New York.[14]None of the bills that Governor Fishvetoedwere overturned by the New York legislature.[14]In his annual messages Fish spoke out against the extension of slavery from land acquired from theMexican American War, including California and New Mexico.[14][8]His anti-slavery messages gave Fish national attention and PresidentZachary Taylor, also a Whig, was going to nominate Fish to the Treasury Department in a cabinet shakeup.[8]However Taylor died in office before he could nominate Fish.[8]Despite his national popularity Fish was not renominated for Governor.[8]
U.S. Senator[edit]After Gov. Fish had retired from office he did not openly seek the nomination to be elected U.S. Senator.[15]However, Fish\'s supporters, theWilliam H. Seward-Thurlow WeedWhigs, in January 1851 nominated him as a candidate for U.S. Senator.[8]A deadlock ensued over his nomination because one New York legislature Whig Senator was upset about Fish not publicly supporting theCompromise of 1850.[15][16][8]Before the election Fish had only stated government should enforce the laws.[15]Although Fish did not favor the spread of slavery he was hesitant to support thefree soilmovement.[17]Finally, when two Democratic Senators who were against Fish\'s nomination were conspicuously absent, the Senate took action and voted.[18]On March 19, 1851, Fishwas electedaU.S. Senator from New Yorkand he took his seat on December 1, serving alongside future Secretary of StateWilliam H. Seward.[15]
U.S. Senator Hamilton FishIn theUnited States Senate, he was a member of theU.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relationsuntil the end of his term on March 4, 1857.[19]Fish became friends with PresidentFranklin Pierce\'s Secretary of StateWilliam L. Marcyand Attorney GeneralCaleb Cushing.[19]He was aRepublicanfor the latter part of his term and was part of a moderately anti-slavery faction.[20]During the 1850s the Republican Party replaced the Whig Party as the central party against the Democratic Party.[15]By 1856, Fish privately considered himself a Whig although he knew that the Whig Party was no longer viable politically. Fish was a quiet Senator, rather than an orator, who liked to keep to himself.[15]Fish often was in disagreement with Senator Sumner, who was firmly opposed to slavery and advocated equality for blacks.[15]His policy was to vote for legislation on the side of \"justice, economy, and public virtue.\"[15]He strongly opposed therepealof theMissouri Compromise.[15]Fish often voted with theFree Soilfaction and was strongly against theKansas-Nebraska Bill.[21]In February 1855, merchants represented byMoses H. Grinnell, criticized Fish\'s bill on immigration and maritime commerce. Fish\'s bill was designed to protect Irish and German immigrants who were dying on merchant ships during oceanic passage to America. The merchants believed that Fish\'s bill was oppressive to commercial interests over human interests.[22]
During his tenure, the nation and Congress were in tremendous political upheaval over slavery, that included violence, disorder, and disturbances of the peace.[15]In 1856, pro slavery advocates invaded Kansas and used violent tactics against those who were anti-slavery.[15][23]In May 1856, Senator Charles Sumner was viciously attacked byPreston Brooksin the Senate Chamber.[23]At the expiration of his term, he traveled with his family to Europe and remained there until shortly before the opening of theAmerican Civil War, when he returned to begin actively campaigning for the election ofAbraham Lincoln.[15]While in France, Fish studied foreign policy with diplomats and distinguished Americans; having gained valuable experience that would eventually benefit his tenure as Secretary of State.[15]
American Civil War[edit]Winfield Scottand Hamilton Fish dined regularly in New York during the onset of theAmerican Civil War.AfterAbraham Lincolnhad been elected President in 1860, Fish spent time with Brevet Lieutenant GeneralWinfield Scott, commander of the Federal Army.[24]Fish\'s private secretary had aided the efforts of theStar of the West, an American merchant ship sent by PresidentJames Buchananto bring relief supplies to MajorRobert Andersonat Fort Sumter.[24]While Fish was dining with General Scott in New York a telegram was received that announced the Confederates had attacked theStar of the Westin Charleston Bay. When Fish stated that this meant war, Scott replied \"Don\'t utter that word, my friend. You don\'t know what a horrid thing war is.\"[24]
In 1861 and 1862 Fish joined and participated on theUnion Defense Committee of theState of New York, that from April 22, 1861, to April 30, 1862 co-operated with the New York City government in the raising and equipping troops, and disbursed more than $1 million for the relief of New York volunteers and their families.[24]The committee included chairmanJohn A. Dix,William M. Evarts,William E. Dodge,A.T. Stewart,John Jacob Astorand other New York men.[24]Fish was appointed chairman of the committee after Dix joined the Union Army.[24]
In 1862 Fish was appointed by President Lincoln on a commission to serve with BishopEdward R. Amesto visit theUnion Armyprisoners being held in theConfederate States of Americacapital inRichmond, Virginia.[24]The Confederate government, however, refused to allow the commission to enter the city.[24]Instead, Fish and Rev. Ames were able to start a system of prisoner exchange that remained virtually unchanged throughout theAmerican Civil War.[24]After the war ended Fish went back to private practice as a lawyer in New York.[24]
U.S. Secretary of State[edit]Further information:Presidency of Ulysses S. GrantPresident Grant appointed Fish Secretary of State in 1869. Fish would serve almost eight years as the head of the State Department.Hamilton Fish was appointedSecretary of Stateby PresidentUlysses S. Grantand served between March 17, 1869 and March 12, 1877. He was President Grant\'s longest-servingCabinetofficer. Upon assuming office in 1869, Fish was initially underrated by some statesmen including former Secretaries of StateWilliam H. SewardandJohn Bigelow. Fish, however, immediately took on the responsibilities of his office with diligence, zeal, and intelligence.[25]Fish\'s tenure as Secretary of State was lengthly, almost eight years, and he had to contend with many foreign policy issues including the Cuban insurrection, theAlabamaClaims, and theFranco-Prussian War.[26]
Reformed U.S. State Department 1869[edit]When Fish assumed office he immediately began a series of reforms in theDepartment of State.[27]After appropriations were given to his office by Congress, Fish cataloged and organized 700 volumes of miscellaneous State Department documents and created theBureau of Indexes and Archives.[27][28]Fish introduced indexing of State Department files so subordinates could easily find documents.[27]Fish implemented civil service reform by having State Department applicants be required to pass an entry examination before being appointed consultant.[27]This policy was sometimes hampered, since President Grant could appoint any person to office without the person having to take an examination.[27]However, the policy of testing overall improved the staff at the State Department.[27]Fish\'s methods of organization included disciplined staff and prompt copying of dispatches.[28]
The method of record keeping, however, wascumbersome, having remained the same sinceJohn Quincy Adams.[28]Rather than world regions, countries were listed in alphabetical order; the correspondence was embedded in bounddiplomaticand consular category archives, rather than by subject matter.[28]Added to countries\' information was a miscellaneous category filed chronologically.[28]This resulted in a tedious and time-consuming process to make briefings for Congress.[28]Diplomatic ministers, only 23 in 1877, were not kept informed of current world events that took place in other parts of the world.[28]
Cuban belligerency and insurrection 1869–1870[edit]By 1869, Cuban nationals were in open rebellion against their mother country Spain, due to the unpopularity of Spanish rule. American sentiment favored the Cuban rebels and President Grant appeared to be on the verge of acknowledging Cuban belligerency. Fish, who desired settlement over theAlabamaClaims, did not approve of recognizing the Cuban rebels, sinceQueen Victoriaand her government had recognized Confederate belligerency in 1861. Recognizing Cuban belligerency would have jeopardized settlement and arbitration with Great Britain.[29]In February 1870, SenatorJohn Shermanauthored a Senate resolution that would have recognized Cuban belligerency. Working behind the scenes Fish counseled Sherman that Cuban recognition would ultimately lead to war with Spain. The resolution went to the House of Representatives and was ready to pass, however, Fish, worked out an agreement with President Grant to send a special message to Congress that urged not to acknowledge the Cuban rebels.[30]On June 13, 1870 the message written by Fish was sent to Congress by the President and Congress, after much debate, decided not to recognize Cuban belligerency. President Grant continued the policy of Cuban belligerent non recognition for the rest of his two administrations. This policy, however, was tested in 1873 with theVirginius Affair.[31]
Dominican Republic annexation treaty 1869–1870[edit]Main article:Annexation of Santo DomingoFurther information:Presidency of Ulysses S. GrantSenator Charles Sumner, Fish\'s former senatorial colleague, led opposition against the annexation of Santo Domingo.Brady-Handy:1860–1875
After President Grant assumed office on March 4, 1869 one of his immediate foreign policy interests was the annexation of the Caribbean island nation of the Dominican Republic, at that time referred to as Santo Domingo, to the United States.[32]President Grant believed the annexation of Santo Domingo would increase the United States\' mineral resources and alleviate the effects of racism against African Americans in the South.[33]Hamilton Fish, though loyal to President Grant, did not desire annexation; the divided island nation, run by mulatto leader PresidentBuenaventura Báez, had been troubled with civil strife.[34]Báez had imprisoned an American citizen, Davis Hatch, for speaking out against the Báez government.[35]Fish told Grant that the Senate would not be ready to pass a Santo Domingo annexation treaty.[34]In April 1869 Fish gave Grant\'s private secretary Orville Babcock \"special agent\" status to search the island.[34]In September 1869, Babcock made a preliminary treaty that would annex Santo Domingo to the United States and give it the opportunity to apply for statehood.[34]In October 1869, Fish drew up a formal treaty that included: a $1,500,000 payment of the Dominican national debt;Samaná Baywould be leased to the United States for $150,000 yearly payment; Santo Domingo would eventually be given statehood.[36]
In a private conference with President Grant, Fish agreed to support the Santo Domingo annexation if President Grant sent Congress a non-belligerency statement not to get involved with the Cuban rebellion against Spain.[37]Charles Sumner, chairman of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee, was against the treaty, believing that Santo Domingo needed to remain independent, and that racism against U.S. black citizens in the South needed to be dealt with in the continental United States. Sumner believed that blacks on Santo Domingo did not share Anglo-American values.[38]On January 10, 1870 Grant submitted the Santo Domingo treaty to theUnited States Senate.[39]Fish believed Senators would vote for annexation only if statehood was withdrawn; however, President Grant refused this option.[40][41]The Senate took its time deliberating, and finally rejected the treaty on June 30, 1870. Eighteen Senators led by Charles Sumner defeated the treaty.[41]Pres. Grant, angered at Sumner\'s refusal to support the treaty, fired Sumner\'s friendJ. Lothrop Motley, Grant\'s ambassador to England, for disregarding Fish\'s instructions regarding theAlabamaClaims. Grant believed that Sumner had in January 1870 stated his support for the Santo Domingo treaty. Sumner was then deprived of his chairmanship of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1871 by Grant\'s allies in the Senate.[42]
Colombian inter-oceanic canal treaty 1870[edit]President Grant and Secretary Fish were interested in establishing an inter-oceanic canal throughPanama.[26]Secretary Fish organized a treaty signing on January 26, 1870 inBogotabetween the United States andColombiathat established a Panama route for the inter-oceanic canal.[26]The Colombian Senate, however, amended the treaty so much that the strategic value of the inter-oceanic canal construction became ineffective. As a result, the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty.[26]
Treaty of Washington 1871[edit]Further information:Treaty of Washington (1871)The American High Commissioners met in Washington D.C. Hamilton Fish served as chairman.Brady-1871During the previous administration of PresidentAndrew Johnson, Secretary of State Seward attempted to resolve theAlabamaClaimswith the Johnson-Clarendon convention and treaty. TheAlabamaClaims had arisen out of theAmerican Civil War, when Confederate raiding ships built in British ports (most notably theC.S.S.Alabama) had sunk a significant number of Union merchant ships.
The Johnson-Clarendon treaty, presented to Congress by President Ulysses S. Grant, was overwhelmingly defeated by the Senate and the claims remained unresolved.[43]Anglophobia led byCharles Sumnerwas at an all-time high when Fish became Secretary of State. Sumner had demanded Britain cede Canada to the United States as payment for theAlabamaClaims. In late 1870, an opportunity arrived to settle theAlabamaClaims under Prime MinisterWilliam E. Gladstone. Fish, who was determined to improve relations with Britain, along with President Grant and Senate supporters, had Charles Sumner removed by vote from theSenate Foreign Relations Committee, and the door was open for renewed negotiations with Britain.[44]
Caricature of Hamilton FishVanity Fair-1872
On January 9, 1871, Fish met with British representativeSir John Rosein Washington and an agreement was made, under muchnegotiations, to establish a Joint Commission to settle theAlabamaClaims to be held in Washington under the direction of Hamilton Fish. At stake was the financing of America\'s debt with British bankers during the Civil War, and peace with Britain was required.[45]On February 14, 1871 both distinguished High Commissioners representing Britain, led by theEarl of Ripon,George Robinson, and the United States, led by Fish, met in Washington D.C. and negotiations over settlement went remarkably well. Also representing Britain was Canadian Prime MinisterSir John A. Macdonald. After 37 meetings, on May 8, 1871 theTreaty of Washingtonwas signed at the State Department and became a \"landmark of international conciliation\". The Senate ratified the treaty on May 24, 1871.[46]On August 25, 1872, the settlement for theAlabamaclaims was made by an internationalarbitrationcommittee meeting in Geneva and the United States was awarded $15,500,000 in gold for damaged done by the Confederate warships. Under the treaty settlement over disputed Atlantic fisheries and theSan Juan Boundary(concerning theOregonboundary line) was made. The treaty was considered an \"unprecedented accomplishment\", having solved border disputes, reciprocal trade, and navigation issues. A friendly perpetual relationship between Great Britain and America was established, with Britain having expressed regret over theAlabamadamages.[47]
South American détente and armistice 1871[edit]On April 11, 1871 a peace conference, presided over by Hamilton Fish, was held in Washington D.C. between Spain and the South American republics ofPeru, Chile,Ecuador, andBolivia, which resulted in an armistice between the countries.[3]These countries had been in a \"technical\" state of war since 1866, and the United States in 1871 served as mediator under the direction of Hamilton Fish.[3]Representing Spain was Mauricio Lopez Roberts; Manuel Freyer represented both Peru and Bolivia; Joaquín Godoy representedChile; and Antonio Flores representedEcuador. President Grant gave Fish full powers to control negotiations at thedétentemeeting between the five countries. The signed armistice treaty consisted of seven articles; hostilities were to cease for a minimum of three years and the countries would allow commercial trade with neutral countries.[3]
Korean expedition and conflict 1871[edit]Main article:United States expedition to KoreaU.S. Naval officers in the Asiatic Squadron on board the U.S.S. Colorado off Korea in June 1871.In 1871,Koreawas known as the \"Hermit Kingdom\", a country determined to remain isolated from other nations, specifically from commerce and trade from Western nations, including the United States.[48]In 1866, U.S. relations with Korea were troubled when Christian missionaries were beheaded by the Koreantacwongun, regent toKing Kojong, and the crew of theGeneral Sherman, a U.S. trading ship, were massacred.[48]SecretaryWilliam H. Seward, under PresidentAndrew Johnson, demanded redress for what was perceived as the outrageous actions of the Korean government.[48]U.S. Naval warships were ordered to the Orient, however, when Seward\'s term ended in 1869, he was unable to organize a naval expedition.[48]When Fish took office he organized the Korean naval expedition and broadened the purposes.[48]In April 1871, Fish orderedFrederick F. Low, minister to China, to take the Asiatic Fleet and voyage to Seoul.[48]The purpose of the expedition was to seek retribution for the assaulted sailors and to open up a commercial treaty with the King of Korea.[48]Fish had told the fleet not to use force unless the honor of the U.S. Flag was infringed by the Koreans.[48]
On May 8, 1871, Low and Rear AdmiralJohn Rodgers, commander of the Asiatic Squadron, voyaged to Korea with five warships, eighty-five guns, and 1,230 sailors and marines.[48]On May 16, the naval squadron reached Nagasaki Bay and a week later lowered anchor near the mouth of the Han. The Koreans sent unofficial representatives to stall for time and hope the American squadron would leave.[48]In June, the American fleet while doing nautical survey was fired upon by the Korean forts on theHan Riverleading to Seoul. The American fleet fired back, damaging the forts. The Americans demanded an apology on the grounds that the honor of the American Flag had been violated.[48]On June 10, a U.S. military expedition was launched after the Koreans failed to apologize for the attack; the objective was to destroy the Korean forts on Kanghoa Island. The U.S.S.Monocacypounded the forts with 9inch guns while 546 sailors and 105 marines landed on the island and captured and destroyed the Korean forts.[48]The \"Citadel\" fortress, on a steep 115-foot hillside, put up the stiffest resistance to the American troops, who fought in hand-to-hand combat with the Korean Tiger Hunters. All of the Korean forts taken, were destroyed and leveled on June 11. Three hundred fifty Korean Tiger Hunters were killed, compared with only one American officer and two American sailors.[48]Lieut.Hugh W. McKeewas the first U. S. Navy officer to die in battle in Korea.[48]
The Asiatic Squadron remained on the Han River for three weeks, but the Koreans would not open negotiations for a commercial treaty.[48]As the American squadron left, the Koreans believed that they had won a great victory over the Americans.[48]The attempt to open Korea up to trade was similar to how CommodoreMatthew Perryin 1854 had approached the opening of Japan. Korea, however, proved to be more isolated than Japan. In 1881, Commodore Robert W. Shufeldt, without using a naval fleet, went to a more conciliatory Korean government and made a commercial treaty. The U.S. was the first Western nation to establish formal trade with Korea.[48]
Virginiusaffair 1873[edit]Further information:Virginius AffairCelebration demonstrations in New York over the release ofVirginiusprisoners. Secretary Fish negotiated the release of theVirginiusprisoners from Spanish authorities.Morgan-January 1874
During the 1870sCubawas in a state of rebellion against Spain. In the United States, Americans were divided on whether to militarily aid the rebel Cubans. Manyjingoistsbelieved the United States needed to fight for the Cuban rebels and pressured the Grant Administration to take action.[49]A privately owned ship, theVirginius, was used to run guns, ammunition, and vital supplies to the Cuban rebels. The captain of theVirginiuswas Joseph Fry, former officer of the Confederate and Federal Navies. On October 31, 1873, theVirginiuswas run down in neutral waters by the Spanish warship, the Tornado, off ofMorant Bay, Jamaica.[49]After being hit, theVirginiustook on water and was forced to surrender to the Spanish authorities. The 103 crew members consisted of Cuban rebel recruits and 52 American and British citizens.[49]The Spanish hauled down and trampled the American Flag, and brought the prisoners to Santiago. A total of 53Virginiuscrew members were executed by the Spanish authorities.[49]The Spanish finally stopped the carnage as a British warship appeared with guns ready to fire on Santiago. The American Navy, at this time, although formidable worldwide, was in decline after the American Civil War.[49]
When news reached the United States of the executions, President Grant and Secretary Fish were forced to make an immediate response.[49]Many Americans demanded a full-scale war with Spain.[49]Fish found out that the registration was falsified under American ownership, however, the executions of Americans demanded action.[49]Fish, coolly handled the situation, called upon Spanish minister, Admiral José Polo de Bernabé in Washington D.C. and held a conference.[49]A settlement was made where Spain relinquished the severely damagedVirginiusto the U.S. Navy, while survivors were released that included 13 Americans.[49]The Spanish Captain who ordered the executions was censured, and Spain paid $80,000 reparations to American families whose family members were executed in Santiago.[49]The national honor of both Spain and the United States was preserved and it was chiefly due to the restraint and moderation of Fish and Bernabé that a satisfactory settlement of theVirginius\'Affairwas reached by the United States and Spain.[49]
Hawaiian reciprocal trade treaty 1875[edit]Fish also negotiated theReciprocity Treaty of 1875with theKingdom of Hawaiiunder the reign ofKing Kalākaua. Hawaiian sugar was made duty-free, while the importation of manufactured goods and clothing was allowed into the island kingdom.[50]By opening Hawaii to free trade the process for annexation and eventual statehood into the United States had begun.
Liberian-Grebo war 1876[edit]Fish seated left of Grant in Grant\'s Cabinet 1876-1877The U.S. settled the Liberian-Grebowar in 1876 when Hamilton Fish dispatched theUSSAlaska, under President Grant\'s authority, toLiberia. Liberia was in practice an American colony. U.S. envoy James Milton Turner, the first African American ambassador, requested a warship to protect American property in Liberia. Turner, bolstered by U.S. naval presence in harbor and support of the USSAlaskacaptain, negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia.[4]
Republican convention 1876[edit]As the 1876 Republican convention approached during the U.S. Presidential Election, President Grant, unknown to Fish, had written a letter to Republican leaders to nominate Fish for the Presidential ticket. The letter was never read at the convention and Fish was never nominated. President Grant believed that Fish was a good compromise choice between the rival factions ofJames G. BlaineandRoscoe Conkling. CartoonistThomas Nastdrew a caricature of Fish andRutherford B. Hayesas the Republican Party ticket. Fish, who was ready to retire to private life, did not desire to run for President and was content at returning to private life. Fish found out later President Grant had written the letter to the convention.[51]
Nicaragua inter-oceanic canal negotiations 1877[edit]President Grant at the close of his second term, and Secretary Fish, remained interested in establishing an inter-oceanic canal treaty.[26]Fish and the State Department negotiated with a special envoy fromNicaraguain February, 1877 for an inter-oceanic treaty.[26]Negotiations, however, failed as the status of the neutral zone could not be established.[26]
Later life and health[edit]Hamilton Fish in his elder years.After leaving the Grant Cabinet in 1877 and briefly serving under President Hayes, Fish retired from public office and returned to private life practicing law and managing his real estate in New York City. Fish was revered in the New York community and enjoyed spending time with his family.
Fish resided in Glen Clyffe, his estate nearGarrison, New York, inPutnam County, New York, in theHudson River Valley. His health remained good until around 1884, having suffered fromneuralgia.
Death, funeral, and burial[edit]On September 6, 1893 Fish had retired from the evening having played cards with his daughter. The following morning on September 7, Fish, at the age of 85, suddenly died. His death was attributed to advanced age.[52]
On September 11, 1893 Fish was buried in Garrison at St. Philip\'s Church-in-the-Highlands Cemetery under waving trees along on the hills by the Hudson River shoreline. He was buried next to his wife and oldest daughter. Fish was buried near the grave ofEdwards Pierrepont, President Grant\'s U.S. Attorney General. Many notable persons attended Fish\'s funeral, while Bishop Potter conducted services.Julia Grant, widowed wife ofUlysses S. Grant, attended Fish\'s funeral.[53]
Historical reputation[edit]The Hamilton Fish memorial at theCathedral of All Saints (Albany, New York).Charles Francis Adamsdescribed Fish as \"a quiet and easy-going man; but, when aroused, by being, as he thought, \'put upon\', he became very formidable. Neither was it possible to placate him.\" Fish\'s 20th Century biographer, A. Elwood Corning, stated that Fish was free from \"petty jealousies and prejudices which so often drag the reputation of statesmen down to the level of politicians\" and that Fish \"used the language and practiced the manners of a gentleman.\" As an invaluable member of the Grant Administration, Fish commanded \"men\'s confidence, and respect by his firmness, candor, and justice.\"[54]
A survey of scholars in the December 1981 American Heritage Magazine ranked Fish number 3 on a list of top ten Secretary of States noting his settling of theAlabamaClaimsin 1871, for his peaceful settlement of theVirginiusIncidentobtaining Spanish reparations, and for hisHawaiian treaty, ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1875, starting the annexation process leading to the eventual statehood of Hawaii.[1]
There is a memorial to Fish at theCathedral of All Saints (Albany, New York).
Society of Cincinnati[edit]Fish was a long time member of the New YorkSociety of the Cincinnatiby right of his father\'s service as an officer in the Continental Army. Fish succeeded to his father\'s \"seat\" in the Society upon his father\'s death in 1833. In 1848, Fish became the Vice President General of the national Society and, in 1854, he became its President General. In 1855 Fish was elected President of the New York Society. Fish served as both President General of the national Society and President of the New York Society until his death in 1893. His 39-year tenure in office as President General is by far the longest in the Society\'s history.
Notable descendants[edit]Further information:Fish familyThree of Fish\'s direct descendants, all named Hamilton, served in the U.S. House of Representatives for the state of New York.Hamilton Fish II, Fish\'s son, served one term as U.S. Representative from 1909 to 1911.[55]Fish II also served as assistant to Secretary of State Hamilton Fish.Hamilton Fish III, Fish\'s grandson, served as U.S. Representative from 1920 to 1945.[56]Hamilton Fish IV, Fish\'s great-grandson, served as U.S. Representative from 1969 to 1995.[57]Another sonStuyvesant Fishwas an important railroad executive.[58]Another son,Nicholas Fish II, was a U.S. diplomat, who was appointed second secretary of legation at Berlin in 1871, became secretary in 1874, and was chargé d\'affaires atBernein 1877–1881, and minister toBelgiumin 1882–1886, after which he engaged in banking in New York City.[59]Hamilton Fish, Fish\'s grandson by Nicholas, was an 1895 graduate ofColumbia College of Columbia University, saw service in theSpanish–American Waras one of the storiedRough Riders. He was the first member of that regiment to be killed in action, at theBattle of Las Guasimas, Cuba.
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