IRISH REPUBLICAN \"THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A VOLUNTEER\" PÁDRAIC PEARSE LEAFLET 1914
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IRISH REPUBLICAN \"THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A VOLUNTEER\" PÁDRAIC PEARSE LEAFLET 1914:
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IRISH REPUBUBLICAN \"THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A VOLUNTEER\" PADRAIG PEARSE NEW RELEASEPEARSE`S ANSWER TO BEING CALLED UN-IRISHJANUARY 1914 IRISH REBELLIONSUPERB READING IN THIS LEAFLET [4 PAGES]HAVE A READ OF HIS BOIGRAPHY BELOW
Padraig Henry Pearse
Pádraig Anraí Mac PiaraisBorn10 November 1879
Dublin, IrelandDied4 May 1916(aged36)
Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, IrelandAllegianceIrish Republican Brotherhood
Irish VolunteersYearsof RisingOtherworkEducator, principal, barrister, republican activist, poet
Patrick Henry Pearse(also known asPádraicorPádraig Pearse;Irish:Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais;An Piarsach; 10 November 1879 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister,poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of theEaster Risingin 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen other leaders, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.
Contents[show]Early life and influences[edit]27 Pearse Street, birthplace of Patrick and Willie PearsePearse and his brotherWillieand sistersMargaretand Mary Brigid were born at 27Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, the street that is named after them today.[1][2]It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a stonemasonry business in the 1850s,[3]a business which flourished and provided the Pearses with a comfortable middle-class upbringing.[4]Pearse\'s father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally aUnitarianfromBirminghamin England.[5]
Pearse grew up surrounded by books.[6]His father had had very little formal education, but was self-educated;[7]he had two children Emily and James, from his first marriage (two other children died in infancy). His second wife,Margaret Brady, was from Dublin, and her father\'s family fromCounty Meathwere native Irish speakers. The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse\'s great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at theCBSWestland Row, instilled in him an early love for theIrish language.
Pearse soon became involved in theGaelic revival. In 1896, at the age of 16, he joined theGaelic League(Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903, at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaperAn Claidheamh Soluis(\"The Sword of Light\").[8]
Pearse\'s early heroes were ancientGaelic folk heroessuch asCúchulainn, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of pastrepublicanmovements, such as theUnited IrishmenTheobald Wolfe ToneandRobert Emmet[citation needed]. Both had been Protestant, but it was from such men as these that the fervently Catholic Pearse drew inspiration for the rebellion of 1916.
In 1900, Pearse was awarded a B.A. in Modern Languages (Irish, English and French) by theRoyal University of Ireland, for which he had studied for two years privately and for one atUniversity College Dublin. In the same year, he was enrolled as aBarrister-at-Lawat theKing\'s Inns.[9]Pearse was called to the bar in 1901. In 1905, Pearse representedNeil McBride, a poet and songwriter fromCreeslough,Donegal, who had been fined for having his name displayed in \"illegible\" writing (i.e. Irish) on his donkey cart, in an appeal before theCourt of King\'s Benchin Dublin. The case was lost and it was Pearse\'s only court appearance as a barrister.[10][11]
St Enda\'s[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(December 2014)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)As a cultural nationalist educated by theIrish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland\'s youth to be goodEnglishmenor obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists saving theIrish languagefrom extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way he started his own bilingual school for boys,St. Enda\'s School(Scoil Éanna) in Cullenswood House inRanelagh, a suburb ofCounty Dublin, in 1908.[12]The pupils were taught in both Irish and English. Cullenswood House is now the home of aGaelscoil, Lios na nÓg. Two years later St. Enda\'s School moved to The Hermitage inRathfarnham,County Dublin, now home to thePearse Museum.
With the aid ofThomas MacDonagh, Pearse\'s younger brotherWillie Pearse, their mother and both Margaret and Mary Brigid Pearse, along with other (often transient) academics, it soon proved a successful experiment. Pearse did all he planned, and even took students on field trips to theGaeltachtin the West of Ireland. Pearse\'s restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in the Hermitage,Rathfarnham, to which he moved St Enda\'s in 1910. Pearse was also involved in the foundation of St Ita\'s school for girls, a school with aims similar to those of St Enda\'s.[12]
However, the new home, while splendidly located in an 18th-century house surrounded by a park and woodlands, caused financial difficulties that almost brought Pearse to disaster. He strove continually to keep ahead of his debts while doing his best to maintain the school. In February 1914 he went on a fund-raising trip to the United States, where he metJohn DevoyandJoseph McGarrityboth of whom were impressed by his fervour and supported him in raising sufficient money to secure the continued existence of the school.
The Volunteers and Home Rule[edit]In April 1912John Redmondleader of theIrish Parliamentary Party, which held the balance of power in theHouse of Commonscommitted the government of theUnited Kingdomto introducing anIrish Home Rule Bill. Pearse gave the Bill a qualified welcome. He was one of four speakers, including Redmond,Joseph DevlinMP, leader of the Northern Nationalists, andEoin MacNeilla prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin at the end of March 1912. Speaking in Irish, Pearse said he thought that \"a good measure can be gained if we have enough courage\", but he warned, \"Let the English understand that if we are again betrayed, there shall be red war throughout Ireland.\"[13]
In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of theIrish Volunteers—formed in reaction to the creation of theUlster Volunteers—whose aim was \"to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland\".[14]In an article entitled \"The Coming Revolution\" (November 1913) Pearse wrote:
As to what your work as an Irish Nationalist is to be, I cannot conjecture; I know what mine is to be, and would have you know yours and buckle yourselves to it. And it may be (nay, it is) that your and mine will lead us to a common meeting-place, and that on a certain day we shall stand together, with many more beside us, ready for a greater adventure than any of us has yet had, a trial and a triumph to be endured and achieved in common.[15]
The Home Rule Bill just failed to pass theHouse of Lords, but the Lords\' diminished power under theParliament Act 1911meant that the Bill could only be delayed, not stopped. It was placed on the statute books withRoyal Assentin September 1914, but its implementation was suspended for the duration of the First World War.
John Redmond feared that his \"national authority\" might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to try to take control of the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:[15]
The leaders in Ireland have nearly always left the people at the critical moment; they have sometimes sold them. The former Volunteer movement was abandoned by its leaders;O\'Connellrecoiled before the cannon atClontarf; twice the hour of the Irish revolution struck duringYoung Irelanddays and twice it struck in vain, forMeagherhesitated inWaterford,DuffyandMcGeehesitated in Dublin.Stephensrefused togive the word in \'65; he never came in \'66 or \'67. I do not blame these men; you or I might have done the same. It is a terrible responsibility to be cast on a man, that of offerding the cannon speak and thegrapeshotpour.[15]
The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for theAlliedand British war effort. A majority followed Redmond into theNational Volunteersin the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war, wrote in an article in December 1915:
It is patriotism that stirs the people. Belgium defending her soil is heroic, and so is Turkey . . . . . .
It is good for the world that such things should be done. The old heart of the earth needed to be warmed with the red wine of the battlefields.
Such august homage was never before offered to God as this, the homage of millions of lives given gladly for love of country.[16]
In December 1913Bulmer Hobsonswore Pearse into the secretIrish Republican Brotherhood(IRB),[17]an organisation dedicated to the overthrow ofBritish rulein Ireland and its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB\'s Supreme Council byTom Clarke.[18]Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers\' Director of Military Organisation in 1914[19]he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter\'s commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB\'s Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the EuropeanWestern Front.
On 1 August 1915 Pearse gave agraveside orationat the funeral of theFenianJeremiah O\'Donovan Rossa. It closed with the words:
Our foes are strong and wise and wary; but, strong and wise and wary as they are, they cannot undo the miracles of God who ripens in the hearts of young men the seeds sown by the young men of a former generation. And the seeds sown by the young men of \'65 and\'67are coming to their miraculous ripening today. Rulers and Defenders of the Realm had need to be wary if they would guard against such processes. Life springs from death; and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations. The Defenders of this Realm have worked well in secret and in the open. They think that they have pacified Ireland. They think that they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think that they have foreseen everything, think that they have provided against everything; but, the fools, the fools, the fools! – They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never be at peace. (Full text of Speech)
Easter Rising and death[edit]Main article:Easter RisingPearse was chosen by the leading IRB manTom Clarketo be the spokesman for the Rising. It was Pearse who, on behalf of the IRB shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. WhenEoin MacNeill, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last-minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising.
When theEaster Risingeventually began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, it was Pearse who read theProclamation of the Irish Republicfrom outside theGeneral Post Office, the headquarters of the rising. After six days of fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender.
Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, werecourt-martialledandexecuted by firing squad.Thomas Clarke,Thomas MacDonaghand Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death.Roger Casement, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from theIrish Brigadein Germany, was hanged in London the following August.
Sir John Maxwell, the General Officer commanding the British forces in Ireland, sent a telegram toH.H. Asquith, then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of the Pearse brothers to their family, saying, \"Irish sentimentality will turn these graves into martyrs\' shrines to which annual processions will be made, which would cause constant irritation in this country.[20]Maxwell also suppressed a letter from Pearse to his mother,[21]and two poems dated 1 May 1916. He submitted copies of them also to Prime Minister Asquith, saying that some of the content was of Pádraig Pearse inTralee,County Kerry
Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English. His best-known English poems include \"The Mother\", \"The Fool\" and \"The Wayfarer\".[22]He also wrote severalallegoricalplays in theIrish language, includingThe King,The Master, andThe Singer. His short stories in Irish includeEoghainín na nÉan(\"Eoineen of the Birds\"),Íosagán(\"Little Jesus\"),An Gadaí(\"The Thief\"),Na Bóithre(\"The Roads\"), andAn Bhean Chaointe(\"The Keening Woman\"). These are translated into English byJoseph Campbell(in theCollected Worksof 1917).[23]Most of his ideas on education are contained in his famous essay \"The Murder Machine\". He also wrote many essays on politics and language, notably \"The Coming Revolution\" and \"Ghosts\".
Pearse is closely associated with the song, \"Oró Sé do Bheatha \'Bhaile\", for which he composed additional lyrics.
Reputation[edit]Largely as a result of a series of political pamphlets that Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the Rising, he soon became recognised as the main voice of the Rising. In the middle decades of the 20th century Pearse was idolised byIrish nationalistsas the supreme idealist of their cause. With the outbreak of conflict inNorthern Irelandin 1969 Pearse\'s legacy was used by theProvisional IRA. However, Pearse\'s reputation and writings have been subject to criticism by some historians, who have seen him as fanatical, psychologically unsound and ultra-religious. AsConor Cruise O\'Brien, onetimeLabourTDand formerunionistpolitician, put it: \"Pearse saw the Rising as a Passion Play with real blood.\" Others have defended Pearse, suggesting that to blame him for the violence in Northern Ireland was unhistorical and a distortion of the real spirit of his writings. Though the passion of those arguments has waned in Northern Ireland since theGood Friday Agreementin 1998, his complex personality still remains a subject of controversy for those who wish to debate the evolving meaning of Irish nationalism.
FormerTaoiseachBertie Aherndescribed Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in theDepartment of the Taoiseach.[24]
Pearse\'s motherMargaret Pearseserved as aTDinDáil Éireannin the 1920s. His sisterMargaret Mary Pearsealso served as a TD andSenator.
Pearse\'s most recent biographer considers longstanding questions about his sexuality and interest in boys, concluding that: \"Although it will not be possible to ascertain whether Patrick was a latent or active paedophile, beyond his tendency to kiss boys, it seems most probable that he was sexually inclined this way.\"[25]
Commemoration[edit]The building in Rathfarnham, on the south side of Dublin, that once housed Pearse\'s school, St Enda\'s, is now thePearse Museum.
Pearse StreetandPearse Squarein Dublin were renamed in 1926 in honour of Pearse and his brother Willie, Pearse Street (previously Great Brunswick Street) being their birthplace. Other Pearse Streets can be found Sovereign there are also Pearse Park, Avenue, Road and other uses of the name).
There are Pearse Roads inArdara, County Donegal,Ballyphehanein Cork (which also has Pearse Place and Square),Bray, Cookstown (County Wicklow),Cork,Cranmore(which also has Pearse Crescent and Terrace), Dublin 16,Enniscorthy, Graiguecullen (County Carlow),Letterkenny,Limerick(which also has Pearse Avenue),SligoandTralee
There are Pearse Parks (residential streets) inDrogheda,DundalkandTullamore, and (parkland) on the outskirts ofArklowand inTralee(the former demesne of Tralee Castle). There are other Pearse Avenues inCarrickmacross,Ennis, Mervue inGalwayandMallow.Carrigtwohillhas a Patrick Pearse Place and there is a Pearse Bridge inTerenure. There is a Pearse Brothers Park inRathfarnhamand a Pearse Terrace inWestport.
Longfordhas Pearse Drive and Pearse View.Crumlin(Dublin) has a Pearse Memorial Park.
Educational institutions[edit]Cullenswood House, the Pearse family home in Ranelagh where Pádraic first founded St Enda\'s, today houses a primaryGaelscoil(school for education through the Irish language) called Lios na nÓg, part of a community-based effort to revive the Irish language.Crumlin(Dublin) has the Pearse College of Further Education, and there was formerly an Irish language summer school inGaoth Dobhaircalled Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. InRosmucthere is an Irish-medium vocational school, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. The main lecture hall at the Cadet School in Ireland is named after P.H. Pearse. In September 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, a new Irish language medium secondary school, opened its doors for the first time in the former Loreto Abbey buildings, just 1km from the Pearse Museum in St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. Today Glanmire County Cork boasts the best secondary level Irish speaking college in Ireland called Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, which was named in honour and structured around Patrick Pearse\'s beliefs.
Sports venues and clubs[edit]A number ofGaelic Athletic Associationclubs and playing fields in Ireland are named after Pádraic or both Pearses:
- Antrim: Pearse Park,Dunloy;Patrick Pearse\'s GAC, Belfast
- Armagh:Annaghmore Pearses GFC;Pearse Óg GACand its grounds,Pearse Óg Park, Armagh
- Cork:CLG Na Piarsaigh, Cork
- Derry:Pádraig Pearse\'s GAC, Kilrea; Pearse\'s GFC, Waterside, Derry (defunct)
- Donegal: Pearse\'s Park, Ardara
- Dublin:Ballyboden St. Enda\'s GAA(called after Pearse\'s school); Pearse\'s GAC, Rathfarnham (defunct)
- Galway:Pádraig Pearse\'s GAC, Ballymacward & Gurteen;Pearse Stadium, Salthill
- Kerry:Dromid Pearses GAC;Kilflynn PearsesHC (defunct)
- Limerick:CLG Na Piarsaigh, Limerick
- Longford:Pearse Park, Longford
- Louth:CPG Na Piarsaigh, Dundalk
- Monaghan: Pearse Brothers GAC, Ballybay, and its grounds, Pearse Park
- Roscommon:Pádraig Pearse\'s GAC
- Tyrone:Pearse Óg GAC, Dregish;Fintona Pearses GAC; andGalbally Pearses GAC, and its grounds, Pearse Park; a defunct club,Leckpatrick Pearse Óg GAC
- Wexford: Naomh Eanna GAA (called after Pearse\'s school); P.H. Pearse\'s HC, Enniscorthy (defunct)
- Wicklow:Pearses\' Park, Arklow
So also are several outside Ireland:
- Australasia:Pádraig Pearse GAC, Victoria
- London:Brother Pearse\'s GAC, London
- Scotland:Pearse Park, Glasgow; Pearse Harps HC (defunct)
- Yorkshire:Brothers Pearse GAC, Huddersfield
- North America:Pádraig Pearse GFC, Chicago;Pádraig Pearse GFC, Detroit
There are also soccer clubs named Pearse Celtic FC inCorkand inRingsend, Dublin; and Liffeys Pearse FC, a south Dublin soccer club formed by the amalgamation of Liffeys Wanderers and Pearse Rangers. A Pearse Rangers schoolboy football club remains in existence in Dublin.
Other commemorations[edit]In 1916 the English composerArnold Bax, who had met the man, composed a tone poem entitledIn Memoriam Patrick Pearse. It received its first public performance in 2008.[26]
InBelfastthe Pearse Club on King Street was wrecked by an explosion in May 1938.[27]
Westland Row Station in Dublin was renamedPearse Stationin 1966 after the Pearse brothers.
Theten shillingcoin minted in 1966 featured the bust of Patrick Pearse. It is the sole Irish coin ever to have featured anyone associated with Irish history or politics.
InBallymunthe Patrick Pearse Tower was named after him. It was the first of Ballymun\'s tower blocks to be demolished in 2004.[28]
In 1999 the centenary of Pearse\'s induction as a member of theGorseddat the 1899 Pan CelticEisteddfodinCardiff(when he took theBardic nameAreithiwr) was marked by the unveiling of a plaque at the Consulate General of Ireland in Wales.[29]
Postage stamps commemorating Pearse were issued by the Irish postal service in 1966, 1979 and 2008
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IRISH REPUBLICAN \"THE PSYCHOLOGY OF A VOLUNTEER\" PÁDRAIC PEARSE LEAFLET 1914:
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