LAC LAC Very Rare Parchment - vellum 1671 in the name of Pope Clement X

When you click on links to various merchants on this site and make a purchase, this can result in this site earning a commission. Affiliate programs and affiliations include, but are not limited to, the eBay Partner Network.

LAC LAC Very Rare Parchment - vellum 1671 in the name of Pope Clement X:
$249.79

LAC
LONDON ANCIENT COINSVERY RARE PARCHMENT IN THE NAME OF THE POPE CLEMENT X (Emilio Bonaventura Altieri) 1671
RARA PERGAMENA A NOME DI PAPA CLEMENTE X (Emilio Bonaventura Altieri) 1671cm 39,00 x 29,00
Pope Clement XFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis articleneeds additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(May 2014)Pope
Clement XPainting by Giovanni Battista GaulliPapacy began29 April 1670Papacy ended22 July 1676PredecessorClement IXSuccessorInnocent XIOrdersOrdination6 April 1624Consecration30 November 1627
byScipione Caffarelli-BorgheseCreated Cardinal29 November 1669
byClement IXPersonal detailsBirth nameEmilio Bonaventura AltieriBorn13 July 1590
Rome,Papal StatesDied22 July 1676(aged86)
Rome,Papal StatesPrevious post

Bishop of Camerino (1627-1666)
Secretary of the S.C. of Bishops and Regulars (1657-1667)

Other popes named Clement

Pope Clement X(Latin:Clemens X; 13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), bornEmilio Bonaventura Altieri, wasPopefrom 29 April 1670 to his death in 1676.

Contents[hide]

1Early life
2Early work
3Pontificate
- 3.1Canonizations and beatifications
- 3.2Foreign affairs
- 3.3Local administration
- 3.4Jubilee
4Death
5Other accomplishments
6See also
7References

Early life[edit]

Emilio Boneventura Altieri was born in Rome in 1590, the son of Lorenzo Altieri and Victoria Delphini, aVenetianlady. His brother was Giambattista Altieri. TheAltieri familybelonged to the ancient Roman nobility and had enjoyed the highest consideration at Rome for several centuries; they had occasionally contracted alliances with theColonnasand theOrsinis. During earlier pontificates, Altieri held many important offices and had been entrusted with several delicate missions.

Early work[edit]

After finishing his studies, Altieri was namedauditorofGiovanni Battista Lancellottiin 1623, in thenunciatureofPoland. On his return to Rome, he was namedBishop of Camerino, then governor ofLoretoand of allUmbria.Pope Urban VIII(1623–44) gave him charge of the works designed to protect the territory ofRavennafrom the unrulyPo River.

Pope Innocent X(1644–55) sent him as nuncio toNaples, where he remained for eight years. He is credited with the re-establishment of peace after the stormy days ofMasaniello.Pope Alexander VII(1655–67) confided to him a mission to Poland.

Pope Clement IX(1667–69) named him Superintendent of the Papal Exchequer (in charge of the Church\'s finances), and in 1667 hismaestro di camera, and he was made Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. Just before his death, Clement IX made him aCardinal. He was then about seventy-nine years of age; and Clement IX, when making him a member of theSacred College, said to him: \"You will be our successor.\"

After the funeral ofPope Clement IX, sixty-two electors entered intoconclaveon 20 December 1669. Forty-two votes were necessary, and heated discussion prevailed for four months; Giovanni Cardinal Conti was supported by twenty-two votes; Cardinal Rospigliosi, nephew of the late Pope, had thirty, or, as some say, thirty-three, with two at theaccesso, so that he needed only seven more votes to gain thetiara. Cardinal Cerri obtained twenty-three votes.

At length the cardinals agreed to resort to the old expedient of electing a cardinal of advanced years, and proposed Cardinal Altieri, almost an octogenarian, whose long life had been spent in the service of theChurch, and whom Clement IX, on the eve of his death, had raised to the dignity of the purple. The reason aprelateof such transcendent merits received the cardinalate so late in life seems to have been that he had waived his claims to the elevation in favour of an older brother.

Pontificate[edit]Papal styles of
Pope Clement XReference styleHis HolinessSpoken styleYour HolinessReligious styleHoly FatherPosthumous styleNone

On 29 April 1670, the papacy was offered to him by fifty-nine Cardinals present at the election; only two being against him. He, however, objected because of his age, for he was almost eighty, and exclaimed, \"I am too old to bear such a burden.\" Pointing to Cardinal Brancaccio, Altieri said he was the Cardinal whom they ought to elect. He persisted in refusing, protesting that he no longer had strength or memory; eventually, with tears he accepted, and out of gratitude to his benefactor, by ten years his junior, he assumed the name of Clement X. He wascrownedon 11 May.

Bust of Pope Clement X byGian Lorenzo Bernini

All but one of the male scions of the Altieri family had chosen the ecclesiastical career. On his accession to the papacy, Clement X, in order to save the Altieri name from extinction, adopted thePaluzzifamily, and proposed that one of the Paluzzi should marry Laura Caterina Altieri, the sole heiress of the family. In exchange for adopting the Altieri surname he would make one of the Paluzzi a Cardinal. Following the wedding, which he officiated, he appointed his relative by marriageCardinal Paluzzi-Altieri, the uncle of Laura\'s new husband, to the Office of Cardinal Nephew to take on the duties which he was prevented from doing by age. The main activity was to invest the Church\'s money, and with advancing years gradually entrusted to him the management of affairs, to such an extent that the Romans said he had reserved to himself only the episcopal functions ofbenedicere et sanctificare, resigning in favour of the Cardinal the administrative duties ofregere et gubernare.

On the 8th of June Clement X took possession ofSt. John Lateran. On 11 June, he confirmed theMinor Observantinesin theHoly Landin the privileges and indulgences granted to those who visit the holy places, according to the decree of PopesAlexander VIIandClement IX. In the same month he granted to the prelate-clerks of the chamber the use of the violet-coloured band around their hats.

Like all the pontiffs, Clement X advised the Christian princes to love each other, and to prove it by an entire confidence, by generous measures, and by a prudent and scrupulous conduct. It was especially betweenSpainandFrancethat the pope desired to witness a renewal of feelings of good understanding.

In 1671, the Pope published an edict by which he declared thata noble might be a merchant without loss of his nobility, provided always that he did not sell by retail.

Canonizations and beatifications[edit]

On 12 April 1671, Clement X canonised five new saints:

Saint Gaetan of Thiene, founder of the Clerks of Divine Providence, better known by their other title ofTheatines.
Saint Francis Borgia, fourthDuke of Gandia, Marquis ofLombay, and viceroy ofCatalonia, born in 1510. He took the habit of theJesuitsin 1547, and becamegeneraland one of the most illustrious ornaments of that religious order.
Saint Philip Benizi, a nobleFlorentine, a religious of the order of theServants of Mary, of which he was the reviver, and not, as has been stated by some, the founder.Pope Leo X(1513–21) had beatified him in 1516.
Saint Louis Beltran, or Bertrand, a Spaniard, of the family ofSaint Vincent Ferrer, and like him aDominican.
Saint Rose of Lima, of the third order ofSaint Dominic, born atLima,Peruin 1586. Saint Rose, beatified byClement IX, was the first American saint of the Americas.

Clement X confirmed the exemptions granted byPope Gregory XIII(1572–85) to theGerman College at Romein 1671; and then, on 16 October 1672, he ordered the pupils to swear that at the close of their studies they would set out forGermanywithout a day\'s delay.

On 13 January 1672, Clement X regulated the formalities to be observed in removing therelicsof saints from sacred cemeteries. No one was to remove such relics without the permission of thecardinal-vicar. They were not to be exposed for the veneration of the faithful, unless previously examined by the same cardinal. The principal relics of the martyr – that is to say, the head, the legs, the arms, and the part in which they suffered – were to be exposed only in the churches, and they were not to be given to private persons, but only to princes and high prelates; and even to them but rarely, lest the too great profusion should deprive relics of the respect which they ought to inspire. The Pope decreed severe penalties against all who gave a relic any name but that given by the cardinal-vicar. The pain ofexcommunicationwas pronounced against all who should demand any sum whatever for sealed and authentic relics. These decrees, and others made by preceding Popes, were confirmed byPope Clement XI(1700–21) in 1704. HebeatifiedPope Pius V(1566–72),Francis Solano, andJohn of the Cross, all subsequentlycanonizedby Clement XI andPope Benedict XIII(1724–30).

Clement X, on 24 November 1673, beatified nineteenMartyrs of Gorkum, taken prisoner atGorcum, theNetherlands, and put to death inBrielleon 9 July 1572, in hatred of the Catholic faith, the primacy of the Pope, the Roman Church, and the Holy Sacrament of theEucharist. Of the nineteen Gorcum martyrs, eleven wereFranciscanpriests;Peter AscaniusandCornelius Vican, laymen; one Dominican, twoPremonstratensianmonks, aregular canonofSaint Augustine, and four secular parish priests.

Fernando IIIcalled El Santo (the Saint), (1198/1199 – 30 May 1252) was a king of Castile (1217–1252) and Leon (1230–1252). He was the son ofAlfonso IXand Berenguela of Castile, daughter ofAlfonso VIII. In 1231 he united Castile and León permanently. Fernando was canonized by Pope Clement X in 1671. Several places namedSan Fernandowere founded across theSpanish Empire.

Clement X also had declaredVenerableone of the famousSpanish mystics, SisterMaría de Jesús de Ágreda.

In 1676,Gianlorenzo Berniniscculpted one of his final statues,a bust of Clement X.

Foreign affairs[edit]

Clement X, seeing the results of the apostolic labours of the early French missionaries inCanada, the number of the faithful, and the wide field of labour, resolved to give the Church an independent organisation, and erected aseeatQuebec, the bishop to depend directly on theHoly See; this provision would later secure its permanence after Quebec passed into the hands ofEngland. The first bishop wasMonsignorFrancois de Montmorency-Laval.

In 1673, there arrived at Rome ambassadors from the Grand Duke ofMuscovy,AlexeinotJohn Basilowitz. He solicited from the Pope the title ofCzar, which, however, he had already conferred upon himself. At the same time it could not be forgotten that he gave strong financial aid to KingJohn SobieskiofPolandin their fight against theTurkishinvaders. ButPaul Menesius, a Scotsman, who was the ambassador, could not obtain the grant or sanction of that title, though he was received with great magnificence and had many precious gifts to carry back to his master. The Grand Duke of Muscovy did not profess the Catholic faith in such a manner as to give any assurance of his intentions, and the King of Poland had looked upon the embassy with displeasure.

Local administration[edit]

Meantime Rome had reason to fear trouble. Cardinal Altieri, who was at the head of the government, determined to increase the revenues, and he established a new tax of three percent upon all merchandise entering the city, including even goods for cardinals and ambassadors. Although the government complained that ambassadors had abused their privilege, the diplomatic corps showed discontent that they were not expressly exempted in the new tax law.

Another edict confirmed the first, and ordered the confiscation without distinction of all goods that did not pay the new tax. The cardinals at first complained, though with moderation. But the ambassadors didn\'t speak Clement X\'s language.

The Cardinal nephew maintained that Clement X, within his own State, might make what rules he pleased. Then the ambassadors of the empire, ofFrance,Spain, andVenice, sent their secretaries to demand an audience of the Pope. The chief chamberlain replied that the Pope was engaged that day. And for four days in succession the chamberlain gave the same answer to the same applicants. Clement X, learning at length what had occurred, declared that he had given no such order. The ambassadors then sent their secretaries to ask an audience of Cardinal Altieri. He not only refused to admit them, but closed his doors and increased the guard at the pontifical palace, so that the offence could go no further. Subsequently the Cardinal nephew wrote to the nuncios who resided in the courts of Europe, stating that the excesses committed by the ambassadors had induced the pope to publish the edict. The ambassadors, on the contrary, assured their sovereigns that the accusation was a pretext.

The conflict lasted for more than a year; and Clement X, who loved peace, at length referred the matter to a congregation. Some time after, Cardinal Altieri declared that he had not intended to comprise the ambassadors among those for whom the edict was intended, and that the pope had never contemplated subjecting them to it.

QueenChristina of Sweden, who had become a Catholic and moved to Rome in December 1655, made Clement X prohibit the custom of chasingJewsthrough the streets during thecarnival. In 1686 she issued a declaration that Roman Jews stood under her protection, signedla Regina– the queen.[1]

Jubilee[edit]

In the year 1675 Clement X celebrated the fourteenth jubilee of the holy year. Notwithstanding his age, he visited the churches, regretting that thegoutprevented him from making that holy visit more than five times. He went twelve times to Trinity hospital to wash the feet of the pilgrims, and after the ceremony gave them liberal alms. However, Rome made some complaints, and said that, though Clement X was Pope in name, Cardinal Altieri was Pope in fact.

Death[edit]Tomb of Clement X, St. Peter\'s Basilica

On the 22 July 1676, the agonies of the gout became so violent that Clement X died under them. He was eighty-six years old, and had governed the Church six years, two months, and twenty-four days. His tomb is in St. Peter\'s Basilica.

Papa Clemente XDa Wikipedia, l\'enciclopedia libera.Papa Clemente X
Clemente X ritratto daGiovan Battista Gaulli239º papa della Chiesa cattolicaElezione29 aprile1670Incoronazione11 maggio1670Fine pontificato22 luglio1676Cardinali creativedi categoriaPredecessorepapa Clemente IXSuccessorepapa Innocenzo XINomeEmilio Bonaventura AltieriNascitaRoma, 13 luglio1590MorteRoma, 22 luglio1676SepolturaBasilica di San Pietro in Vaticano

PapaClemente X, natoEmilio Bonaventura Altieri(Roma,13 luglio1590–Roma,22 luglio1676), fu il 239ºpapadellaChiesa cattolicadal1670alla morte.

Indice[nascondi]

1Infanzia
2La vita ecclesiastica prima dell\'elezione
- 2.1Il conclave
3Il Pontificato
4Onorificenze
5Genealogia episcopale
6Papa Clemente nel cinema
7Note
8Bibliografia
9Altri progetti
10Collegamenti esterni

Infanzia[modifica|modifica wikitesto]

Emilio Altieri proveniva da un\'antica famiglia nobile romana, gliAltieri, figlio di Lorenzo Altieri e VittoriaDolfin, nobildonnaveneziana. La famiglia del futuro pontefice apparteneva da tempo al rango dei nobili e aveva detenuto le più alte reputazioni nell\'Urbe per numerosi secoli. Infatti, la famiglia aveva occasionalmente intrattenuto alleanze con iColonnae con gliOrsini. Durante i precedenti papati, la famiglia Altieri aveva avuto molti incarichi importanti e in essa era stata riposta grande fiducia, attraverso l\'assegnazione di missioni delicate.

La vita ecclesiastica prima dell\'elezione[modifica|modifica wikitesto]

Dopo aver terminato i suoi studi, nel1611ottenne a Roma il titolo di dottoreutroque iuree in seguito lavorò qualeavvocato; nel1623fu poi nominatoauditor(revisore dei conti) di Gian Battista Lancellotti, presso la nunziatura dellaPolonia. Influenzato daLudovico Ludovisi, intraprese (dopo l\'ordinazionesacerdotale) nel1624una carriera nellacuria romana. In seguito, nel 1627 fu nominatovescovodiCamerino, quindi governatore diLoretoe di tutta l\'Umbria.Papa Urbano VIII(1623-1644) gli diede l\'incarico di sovrintendere ai lavori di protezione del territorio diRavennadalle piene del fiumePo.

In seguito,papa Innocenzo X(1644-1655), nel1667lo inviò comenunziopontificio aNapoli, dove sarebbe rimasto per otto anni. In questo periodo, gli è stato accreditato il ristabilimento della quiete dopo le giornate turbolente della rivolta diMasaniello. Successivamente,papa Alessandro VII(1655-1667) gli affidò una nuova missione in Polonia.

Papa Clemente IX (1667-1669) lo nominò, poi, sovrintendente del Ministero delle finanze papali, per diventare, nel1667il suo maestro di camera, e segretario della congregazione dei vescovi e dei membri del clero regolare. Il 3 dicembre1669Clemente IX, pochi giorni prima della propria morte, lo fececardinale. Emilio Altieri allora aveva 79 anni; eClemente IX, quando lo nominò membro delCollegio cardinalizio, gli disse: «Sarai il nostro successore».

Il conclave[modifica|modifica wikitesto]Per approfondire, vediConclave del 1669-1670.

Dopo le esequie dipapa Clemente IX, i sessantadue cardinali elettori, il 20 dicembre1669, iniziarono un conclave che si sarebbe rivelato lungo e difficile: furono necessari ben quarantadue votazioni e vi fu anche un periodo di quattro mesi di forti discussioni.

Il Pontificato[modifica|modifica wikitesto]La tomba di Clemente X nella Basilica di San Pietro a Roma

Il 29 aprile1670, la carica a nuovo papa gli venne offerta dai 59 cardinali presenti all\'elezione: solo due erano contrari alla sua nomina. Altieri però accennò inizialmente ad un rifiuto, vista la sua età ormai avanzata e esclamò: «Sono troppo vecchio per affrontare una responsabilità così grande». Additando il cardinal Brancacci, egli disse che era lui l\'uomo che avrebbero dovuto portare al soglio pontificio. Altieri continuò a rifiutare, affermando, a motivazione della sua decisione, che non aveva più forza o memoria; ma, nonostante il suo dissenso, fu nominato papa l\'11 maggio. Fu trascinato dal suo letto mentre gridava «Non voglio essere il Papa!», infine, in lacrime, accettò e come atto di ringraziamento al suo benefattore, assunse il nome di Clemente X.

Con grande sorpresa dei cardinali Clemente X si sarebbe tuttavia rivelato un pontefice relativamente attivo per la propria età. Il Papa si avvalse tuttavia di suo parente acquisito, il cardinalePaluzzi degli Albertoni, per occuparsi dei compiti che non era in grado di svolgere a causa dell\'età.

Già molto vecchio, l\'anno prima di morire, indisse e celebrò ilGiubileodel1675, cui parteciparono un milione e mezzo di pellegrini[1].

Clemente X diede supporto finanziario a reGiovanni III SobieskidiPolonianella sua lotta contro i Turchi. Continuò le tensioni con laFranciasulle questioni ecclesiastiche.