MAHMUD II/Rare Genuine Islamic gold coin/Ottoman Empire/Turkey Istambul/1834/19

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MAHMUD II/Rare Genuine Islamic gold coin/Ottoman Empire/Turkey Istambul/1834/19:
$165.00

One original authentic Islamic gold coin in extremely fine quality
TURKEY MAHMUD II AH1223 (1834)
Constantinie mint, Istambul, Turkey

Year 19

Ottoman gold coin measuring 16mm. in diameter .79gm. One HOLE. Original Islamic coin. Not cleaned. Rare and interesting as pictured.

Authenticity guaranteed.

You are offerding on the exact ANCIENT ISLAMIC coin pictured and described above.

1223-1808 Ottoman Turkish SultanMahmud II(reign: 1808-1838)

Mahmud II(Ottoman Turkish: ????? ????Mahmud-isani)(20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839)was the 30thSultanof theOttoman Empirefrom 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born in theTopkapi Palace,Constantinople,the son of SultanAbdulhamid I. His reign is notable mostly for the extensive administrative, military and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated into the Decree ofTanzimat(Reorganization) that was carried out by his sonsAbdülmecid IandAbdülaziz I. His mother wasValide SultanNaksh-i-Dil Haseki(there have been speculations that she was a cousin ofNapoleon\'s wifeJosephine, but this is now widely regarded as false;seeAimée du Buc de Rivéry).

Accession

In 1808, Mahmud II\'s predecessor (and half-brother)Mustafa IV(1807–08) ordered his execution along with his cousin, the deposed SultanSelim III(1789–1807), in order to defuse the rebellion. Selim III was killed, but Mahmud was safely kept hidden by his mother and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV. The leader of this rebellion,Mustafa Bayrakdar, then became Mahmud II\'svizier.

There are many stories surrounding the circumstances of his attempted murder. A version by the 19th century Ottoman historian Cevdet Pasha gives the following account: one of his slaves, aGeorgiangirl named Cevri, gathered ashes when she heard the commotion in the palace surrounding the murder of Selim III. When the assassins approached the Harem chambers where Mahmud was staying, she was able to keep them away for a while by throwing ashes into their faces, temporary blinding them. This allowed Mahmud to escape through a window and climb onto the roof of the Harem. He apparently ran to the roof of the Third Court where other pages saw him and helped him come down with pieces of clothes that were quickly tied together as a ladder. By this time one of the leaders of the rebellion,Alemdar Mustafa Pashaarrived with his armed men and upon seeing the dead body of Selim III proclaimed Mahmud aspadishah. The slave girl Cevri Kalfa was awarded for her bravery and loyalty and appointedhaznedar usta, the chief treasurer of the imperial Harem, which was the second most important position in the hierarchy. A plain stone staircase at theAltinyol(Golden Way) of the Harem is called Staircase of Cevri (Jevri) Kalfa, since the events apparently happened around there and are associated with her.

Reign overviewThestylized signatureof Mahmud II was written in an expressive calligraphy. It readsMahmud Khan son of Abdülhamid is forever victorious.

The vizier took the initiative in resuming reforms that had been terminated by the conservativecoupof 1807 that hadbrought Mustafa IV to power. However, soon the vizier was killed by Ibrahim\'s army, and Mahmud II temporarily abandoned the reforms. Mahmud II\'s later reformation efforts were more successful.

During the early years of Mahmud II\'s reign, his governor of EgyptMehmet Ali Pasasuccessfully reconquered the holy cities ofMedina(1812) andMecca(1813) from theNejdi rebels.

His reign also marked the first breakaway from the Ottoman Empire, with Greece gaining itsindependencefollowing a rebellion that started in 1821. In 1827 the combined British, French and Russian navies defeated the Ottoman Navy at theBattle of Navarino; in the aftermath, the Ottoman Empire was forced to recognize Greece with theTreaty of Constantinoplein July 1832. This event, together with the occupation of the Ottoman province ofAlgeriabyFrancein 1830, marked the beginning of the gradual break-up of the Ottoman Empire. Non-Turkish ethnic groups living in the empire\'s territories, especially in Europe, started their own independence movements.

Among Mahmud II\'s most notable acts during his reign was the abolition of theJanissarycorps in 1826, permitting the establishment of a European-style conscript army, recruited largely from Turkish speakers of Rumelia and Asia Minor. Mahmud was also responsible for the subjugation of theIraqi Mamluksin 1831. He ordered the execution of the renownedAli PashaofTepelena, an 80-year-old man, for condemningThe Auspicious Incident. He sent hisGrand Vizierto execute theBosnian MuslimheroHusein Gradašcevic.

He began preparations for theTanzimatreforms in 1839. The Tanzimat marked the beginning of modernization inTurkey, and had immediate effects on social and legal aspects of life in the Empire, such as European style clothing, architecture, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.

He was concerned also for aspects of tradition. He made great efforts to revive the sport of archery. He ordered his archery student, Mustafa Kani, to write a book about the history, construction, and use ofTurkish bows, from which comes most of what is now known of Turkish bowyery.

The mausoleum (türbe) of Sultan Mahmud II, located at Divan Yolu street.

Mahmud II died oftuberculosis- some say he was murdered - at theEsma Sultana Palace\\PÇamlica, in 1839. His funeral was attended by crowds of people who came to offer the Sultan farewell. His sonAbdülmecidsucceeded him.

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