PHARSALOS in THESSALY 400BC Athena Horse Authentic Ancient Greek Coin i49250
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PHARSALOS in THESSALY 400BC Athena Horse Authentic Ancient Greek Coin i49250:
$70.00
Item: i49250
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Greek city of Pharsalos in Thessaly
Bronze 15mm (2.44 grams)Struckcirca 400-344 B.C.
Reference: HGC 4, 654; Sear 2196; Rogers 485-487; BCD Thessaly II, 653, 666.2
Head of Athena left in close-fitting crested Attic helmet ornamented with figure of Skylla.
ΦΑΡΣ, Helmeted cavalryman charging right on horseback, brandishing flail upon which bird perches.
One of the more important towns of Thessaly, Pharsalos was built on the northern slopes of Mt. Narthakios. It was the scene of Caesar\'s famous victory over Pompey in 48 B.C.
You are offerding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
InGreek mythology, Scylla was a monster that lived on one side of a narrow channel of water, opposite its counterpartCharybdis. The two sides of the strait were within an arrow\'s range of each other—so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis would pass too close to Scylla and vice versa.
The strait has been associated with theStrait of Messina betweenItaly andSicily. The idiom \"between Scylla and Charybdis\" has come to mean being between two dangers, choosing either of which brings harm.
MythologyVarious Greek myths account for Scylla\'s origins and fate. According to some, she was one of the children ofPhorcys andCeto. Other sources, includingStesichorus, cite her parents asTriton andLamia. According toJohn Tzetzes[2] andServius\' commentary on the Aeneid,[3] Scylla was a beautifulnaiad who was claimed by Poseidon, but the jealous Amphitrite turned her into a monster by poisoning the water of the spring where Scylla would bathe.
A similar story is found inHyginus,[4] according to whom Scylla was the daughter of the river godCrataeis and was loved byGlaucus, but Glaucus himself was also loved by the sorceress Circe. While Scylla was bathing in the sea, the jealous Circe poured a potion into the sea water which caused Scylla to transform into a monster with four eyes and six long necks equipped with grisly heads, each of which contained three rows of sharp teeth. Her body consisted of 12 tentacle-like legs and a cat\'s tail, while four to six dog-heads ringed her waist. In this form, she attacked the ships of passing sailors, seizing one of the crew with each of her heads.
In a late Greek myth, recorded inEustathius\' commentary on Homer and John Tzetzes,[5]Heracles encountered Scylla during a journey to Sicily and slew her. Her father, the sea-godPhorcys, then applied flaming torches to her body and restored her to life.
Athena or Athene (Latin:Minerva), also referred to as Pallas Athena, is the goddess of war, civilization, wisdom, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill inGreek mythology.Minerva, Athena\'s Roman incarnation, embodies similar attributes. Athena is also a shrewd companion of heroes and the goddess of heroic endeavour. She is thevirgin patron of Athens. The Athenians built theParthenon on the Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens, in her honour (Athena Parthenos). Athena\'s cult as the patron of Athens seems to have existed from the earliest times and was so persistent that archaic myths about her were recast to adapt to cultural changes. In her role as a protector of the city (polis), many people throughout the Greek world worshiped Athena as Athena Polias (\"Athena of the city\").Athens and Athena bear etymologically connected names.
Farsala (Greek:Φάρσαλα), known in Antiquity asΦάρσαλος, Pharsalos or Pharsalus, is a city in southernThessaly, inGreece. Farsala is located in the southern part ofLarissa Prefecture, and is one of its largest cities. The city is linked withGR-3, the old highway linkingLarissa andLamia and is also accessed byGR-30 linkingKarditsa andVolos. TheGR-1/E65 andE75 superhighway runs to the east of the city. Several mountain ranges lie to the South, while theThessalian Plain lies to the North, some hills to the East and the Farsalian Fields in the central part. Farsala is located SE of Karditsa, S ofLarissa, W ofVolos and N ofLamia.
The area is an economic and agricultural centre of the province. The population are mainly rural especially withcotton production and breeding, one of the many are in local production units in agricultural production as well as clothing and textile industries. Farsala is famous for its distinctivehalva. The population (2006) is about 13,500. The population in 1981 was 7,094, in 1991 8,413 and in 2001 9,801.
//Ancient PharsalosThe Homeric Phthia of theMycenaean period, capital of the Kingdom of theMyrmidons and ofPeleus, father ofAchilles, has sometimes been identified with the later city of Farsalos (Greek: Φάρσαλος), now Pharsala. ACyclopean Wall which protected a city still exists today near modern Pharsala, as does a vaulted tomb from that period.
The Pharsalos of the historic era was built over a hillside of the Narthacius mountains at an elevation of some 160 m, where modern Pharsala stands. It was one of the main cities in Thessaly and was the capital of the Phthiantetrarch. In thePersian Wars it sided with theAthenians. A distinctive tribe of the city was that of Echecratidon. In the early-4th century BC, the city was a part of the Thessalian Commons. Later, it joined theMacedonian Kingdom underPhilip II. The area became a theatre of war where the Aetolians and the Thessalians clashed with the Macedonians, especially during theSecond and theThird Macedonian Wars. After the defeat of the Macedonian Kingdom, Pharsalos and the whole area became a part of theRoman Republic. The whole area suffered great destruction during theRoman Civil War. TheBattle of Pharsalus took place in 48 BC in the fields of the Pharsalian Plain, whereJulius Caesar defeatedPompey.
The geographer Strabo speaks of two towns, Old Pharsalos (Palaepharsalos) and Pharsalos, existing in historical times. His statement (9.5.6) that the Thetideion, the temple to Thetis south of Skotoussa, was “near both the Pharsaloi, the Old and the New”, seems to imply that Palaepharsalos was not itself close by Pharsalos. Although the battle of 48 BC is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers - the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum (48.1), Frontinus (Strategemata 2.3.22), Eutropius (20), and Orosius (6.15.27) - place it specifically at Palaepharsalos. In 198 B.C. Philip V had sacked Palaepharsalos (Livy 32.13.9). If that town had been close to Pharsalos he would have sacked both, and Livy would have written “Pharsalus” instead of “Palaepharsalus”. The British scholarF. L. Lucas demonstrated (Annual of the British School at Athens, No. XXIV, 1919-21) that the battle of 48 BC must have been fought north of the Enipeus, near modern-day Krini; and John D. Morgan in “Palae-pharsalus – the Battle and the Town” (The American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1983), suggests that Krini is built on the site of Palaepharsalos, where the old road south from Larissa emerged from the hills on to the Pharsalian Plain.
Thessaly is a traditionalgeographical region and anadministrative region ofGreece, comprising most of theancient region of the same name. Before theGreek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus inHomer\'s Odyssey.
Thessaly became part of themodern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries ofOttoman rule. Since 1987 it has formed one of the country\'s 13regions and is further (since theKallikratis reform of 2010) sub-divided into 5regional units and 25municipalities. The capital of the region isLarissa. Thessaly lies in central Greece and borders the regions ofMacedonia on the north,Epirus on the west,Central Greece on the south and theAegean Sea on the east. The Thessaly region also includes theSporades islands.
HistoryAncient historyThessaly was home to an extensiveNeolithic culture around2500 BC.Mycenaean settlements have also been discovered, for example at the sites ofIolcos,Dimini andSesklo (nearVolos). In Archaic andClassical times, the lowlands of Thessaly became the home of baronial families, such as theAleuadae ofLarissa or the Scopads of Crannon. In the 4th century BCJason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times. Shortly afterPhilip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next centuries. Thessaly later became part of theRoman Empire as part of the province ofMacedonia. The region of Thessaly in the 7th century, experienced an influx ofSlavic warlords,Perboundos the Slavic king who established permanent settlement inMacedonia also included Thessaly, as part of his Slavic realm and region. He named the region \"Belzetia\" and appointed a lord to govern and peacefully maintain order. The SlavicBelegezites tribes, under king Perboundos began building settlements and agricultural farms known assubsistance communal farms. The lord of ThessalyAkamir was at war with theRoman Empire, and by 700 AD a fortress was fully built. The Slavs of Macedonia had included Thessaly as part ofSklavinia, theBattle of Larissa occurred in 780 AD.
Medieval and Ottoman ThessalyThessaly remained part of the East Roman \"Byzantine\" Empire after the collapse of Roman power in the west, and subsequently suffered many invasions, such as by the Slavic tribe of theBelegezites in the 7th century AD. Following the campaigns of the Byzantine generalStaurakios in 782-783, the Byzantine Empire recovered Thessaly (then known asHellas), taking many Slavs as prisoners.[4] In 977 it was raided by the Bulgarians. Dissatisfaction about the taxation policy led in 1066 the Aromanian and Bulgarian population of Thessaly to revolt against the Byzantine Empire under the leadership of a local lord,Nikoulitzas Delphinas.[5] The revolt, which began inLarissa, was soon expanded inTrikala and later northwards to the Byzantine-Bulgarian border. In 1199-1201 another unsuccessful revolt was led byManuel Kamytzes, son-in-law of Byzantine emperorAlexios III Angelos.[6] In 1204 it was assigned toBoniface of Montferrat and in 1225 toTheodore Komnenos Doukas, despot ofEpirus. From 1271 to 1318 it was an independent despotate that extended toAcarnania andAetolia, run byJohn I Doukas. In 1309 settled there theAlmogavars orCatalan Company of the East (Societas Catalanorum Magna), which in 1310, after lifting the siege of Thessalonica, withdrew as mercenaries in the pay of the sebastokratorJohn II Doukas, and took over the country organized in a democracy. From there they departed to theDuchy of Athens, called by the dukeWalter I. In 1318, with the extinction of theAngelid dynasty, the Almogavars occupied Siderokastron and southern Thessaly (1319) and formed theduchy of Neopatria.
One of the Flags used in Thessaly during the Greek War of Independence (designed by Anthimos Gazis ).In 1348, it was invaded and occupied by theSerbs underPreljub. After the latter\'s death in 1356, the region was conquered byNikephoros Orsini, and after his death three years later, it was taken over by the self-proclaimed Serbian emperorSimeon Uroš. Simeon\'s sonJohn Uroš succeeded in 1370 but abdicated in 1373, and Thessaly was administered by the Greek Angeloi-Philanthropenoi clan until theOttoman conquest c. 1393. Ottoman control was disputed by the Byzantines until the 1420s, when it was consolidated byTurahan Bey, who settledTurkomans in the province and founded the town of Tyrnavos.
In 1821, parts of Thessaly andMagnesia participated in the initial uprisings in theGreek War of Independence, but these revolts were swiftly crushed. Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after theTreaty of Berlin.
Geography Volos view from Pelion mountain.Thessaly occupies the east side of thePindus watershed, extending south of Macedonia to the Aegean Sea. The northern tier of Thessaly is defined by a generally southwest-northeast spur of the Pindus range that includesMount Olympus, close to the Macedonian border. Within that broken spur of mountains are several basins and river valleys. The Easternmost extremity of the spur extends southeastward from Mt. Olympus along the Aegean coast, terminating in theMagnesia Peninsula that envelops thePagasetic Gulf (also called the Gulf of Volos), and forms an inlet of the Aegean Sea. Thessaly\'s major river, thePineios, flows eastward from the central Pindus Range just south of the spur, emptying into theThermaic Gulf.
The Trikala andLarissa lowlands form a central plain which is surrounded by ring of mountains. It has a distinct summer and winter season, with summer rains augmenting the fertility of the plains. This has led to Thessaly occasionally being called the \"breadbasket of Greece\".
The region is well delineated by topographical boundaries. TheChasia andKamvounia mountains lie to the north, the Mt. Olympus massif to the northeast. To the west lies the Pindus mountain range, to the southeast the coastal mountains ofÓssa andPelion.
Several tributaries of the Pineios flow through the region.
DemographicsAccording to the census conducted by ESYE in 2011, the population of the region of Thessaly is 732,762 and represents 6.8% of the total population of the country.
It has noted a 2.8% decrease in the population since 2001 and remains the third largest region in the country population-wise.
The population break-down is 44% urban, 40% agrarian and 16% semi-urban with the agrarian population having noted a decline which has been paralleled with an increase in the semi-urban.
The metropolitan area of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly, is home to more than 230,000 people, making it the biggest city of the region.
Major communities Litheos river flowing through city of Trikala . EconomyThe alluvial soils of thePineios Basin and its tributaries make Thessaly a vital agricultural area, particularly for the production ofgrain,cattle, andsheep. Modernization of agricultural practices in the mid-20th century has controlled the chronic flooding that had restricted agricultural expansion and diversification in the low-lying plains. Thessaly is the leading cattle-raising area ofGreece, andVlach shepherds shift large flocks ofsheep andgoats seasonally between higher and lower elevations. The last decades, there is a rise in cultivating dried nuts such asalmonds,pistachios andwalnuts especially in the region ofAlmyros. Rise in the number of olive oil trees have been also observed. The nearly landlockedGulf of Pagasai provides a natural harbor atVolos for shipping the agricultural products from the plains just to the west and chromium from the mountains of Thessaly.
TransportThere are a number of highwaysE75 and the main railway fromAthens toThessaloniki (Salonika) crosses Thessaly. The region is directly linked to the rest of Europe throughInternational Airport of Central Greece located in Nea Anchialos in a small distance fromVolos andLarisa. Until todaycharter flights links the region and brings tourists to the wider area, mainly inPelion andMeteora. The new infrastructure includes a brand new terminal ready to serve 1500 passengers per hour and new airlanes.
AdministrationThe Thessaly region was established in the 1987 administrative reform. In everyday use, \"Thessaly\" is identified with the administrative region, although the historical region extended south intoPhthiotis and at times north intoWest Macedonia as well.
With the 2010Kallikratis plan, the powers and authority of the region were redefined and extended. Along withCentral Greece, it is supervised by the Decentralized Administration of Thessaly and Central Greece, based atLarissa. The region is based atLarissa and is divided into fiveregional units (four were theSporades andTrikala, which are further subdivided into 25municipalities.
The region\'s governor is, since 1 January 2011,Konstantinos Agorastos, who was elected in theNovember 2010 local administration elections for theNew Democracy party.
MythologyIn Homer\'s epic, the Odyssey,Odysseus visits the kingdom of Aeolus, and this is the old name for Thessaly.
The Plain of Thessaly, which lies betweenMount Oeta/Othrys andMount Olympus, is the site of thebattle between theTitans and theOlympians.
According to legend,Jason and theArgonauts launched their search for the Golden Fleece from the Magnesia Peninsula.
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PHARSALOS in THESSALY 400BC Athena Horse Authentic Ancient Greek Coin i49250:
$70.00