Rare 1862 US History CIVIL WAR Battles NAVAL Southern UNION ARMY Rebellion CSA

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A History of the Civil War in The United States

A History of the Civil War in The United States

A History of the Civil War in The United States; with a Preliminary View of its Causes, and Biographical Sketches of its Heroes. By Samuel M. Schmucker, LLD. PART FIRST.Philadelphia: Bradley & Co., 66 N. Fourth Street. Jones Brothers & Co. 71 West Fayette St, Baltimore. 1862. Appendix. FIRST EDITION.

Samuel M. Schmucker composed thisfirst volume of what would eventually be a three-part history of theCivil War in 1862 - ironically, a year before the pivotal Battle ofGettysburg, in which his father\'s home, as well as the Seminary and College themselves, would serve as battleground and hospitals. Schmucker\'saccount begins with the "Origin of the Southern Rebellion",which he finds in the "restive and troublesome temper" ofSouth Carolina and 1816 reduction of the tariff on wool and cottonimports. He continues through 512 pages, including 26 chapters and anappendix, ending with the recent disastrous Peninsula Campaign of the Union Army.

Red full leather boards withembossed gilt cover decoration. On the front cover there is a goldbird with the two canons and ammunition under it. The spine have aamazing decoration too. Inside, the book is in Good Condition. Hingesbroken but are still strong and in secure condition. Iteven retains the original tissue guard on the frontispiece steelengraving of The Carrondelet Running the Countlet at Island No. 10.The pages are bright with light toning from age and have somescattered foxing throughout which is common for such an old volume.The edges of The corners are slightly bumped and worn. Brown endpages. Wonderful 512 pages. It measures approx. 9" tall by6" wide. Couple amazing Steel Engravings. Antique and unique piece of Southern Confederate and American History.

PREFACE.

No event has occurred on the American Continent since the glorious Revolution of 1776, equal in magnitude and interest to the contest which has taken place between opposite and hostile portions of the Federal Union; and which all true patriots stigmatize by the unequivocal and significant epithet of the Southern Rebellion. So important was this struggle that it not only enlisted the most vigorous energies of the national government, and summoned its armies into the field, but it became the paramount topic in every mind. All classes of professions regarded it with intense interest, and watched the progress of events with profound anxiety. For this purpose scholars suspended their studies in recondite and learned subjects of inquiry; synods and general assemblies discussed the issues involved with solemn earnestness; the ordinary pursuits of the community seemed in a great measure to be modified and controlled by the novel and startling aspect of the times. This universally prevalent feeling was amply justified by the immense interests and the vital principles which were to be disposed of by the conflict. Nor is it singular, that the war should ultimately engage the attention of mankind in all civilized countries, and that it should be regarded as the event of chief importance then transpiring on the globe...

...The author has been assiduous and careful in regard to the materials from which the contents of the work have been derived. He has applied to his use every attainable source of information which was worthy of confidence and attention. Official reports of eminent commanders, and the narratives of intelligent and truthful eye-witnesses of the scenes described, together with various other depositories of facts, have been thoroughly examined, compared and . appropriated. The author has not the presumption to imagine that he has in all cases attained perfect accuracy; but he does not hesitate to assert, that he has left no effort or expedient unemployed to avoid error and misstatement in every part of the work. An historical narrative of events of recent date labors under some disadvantages, while, at the same time, it may possess facilities and merits of which the record of more remote and unfamiliar transactions will be destitute. It has been affirmed that a correct history of a war like that against Secession could not be written till after the lapse of many years. We believe this statement to be erroneous. If the writer be impartial, laborious, and possessed of the necessary literary skill, he will have all the qualities essential to the elaboration of a satisfactory history of such a series of events; and these qualities he may possess immediately after their occurrence, as well as at a more distant period. At the same time he will enjoy a superior advantage in the vividness and strength of the impression which the events have made, both upon his own mind, and upon the minds of those whose productions he consults in the preparation of his work.

S. M. S. Philadelphia, Dec., 1862.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

Origin of the Southern Rebellion—Classification of its several Causes—The Act of 1816 respecting a Tariff—Agency of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams—Position of John 0. Calhoun —He first conceived his project of Nullification— His Memorial to Governor Hamilton—The operation of a high Tariff—The Legislature of South Carolina—Outbreak of the Nullification Movement—Vigorous measures of President Jackson—Mr. Calhoun in the United States Senate—A memorable Debate—Final settlement of the difficulty— American Slavery—Its origin—The proposition of Thomas Jefferson—Slavery in the Territories—The compact of 1787— Compromise of Henry Clay—Annexation of Texas—The Wilmot Proviso—Compromise of 1850 —Slavery in Kansas— Rise of the Republican Party—Its Principles and Policy— Administration of James Buchanan—Treason in the Federal Cabinet—Preliminary operations of the Conspirators—Policy of Mr. Buchanan respecting Secession—Presidential Campaign of 1860—Election of Mr. Lincoln—The Doctrine of State Sovereignty as opposed to Federal Centralization

CHAPTER I.

Effect of Mr. Lincoln\'s Election in the South—Political Movements in South Carolina and Georgia—Excitement in Charleston—Preliminary Acts and Events—Resignation of Federal Officers—Election of Members to the State Convention— Opponents of Secession—Federal Property seized in Charleston—Conventions summoned in Georgia and Alabama—Assembling of the Convention of South Carolina—The First Act of Secession from the Union passed—A pathetic statement of Grievances—Reflections on the Result—Popular Feelings in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida

CHAPTER II.

Treasonable Proclamation of Governor Pickens—Resignation of the Representatives of South Carolina in Congress—The Crittenden Propositions of Compromise—Their Provisions— Scramble for Federal Property—Commissioners of South Carolina to the Federal Government—Major Anderson—The removal of his Command to Fort Sumter—Mr. Secretary Floyd—His Resignation—The Convention of the Slave-holding States—Important Events at Savannah—Secession of Mississippi—Pernicious influence of Jefferson Davis—Resignation of his Seat in the United States Senate—The Secession of Alabama—Of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

CHAPTER III.

Various efforts made for Compromise and Settlement—Conciliatory meetings held in the Northern States—Their Ultimate Failure—Apostacy of Alexander H. Stephens—Resignation of the Southern Representatives in the Federal Congress— The Rebel Congress Convened at Montgomery—Its Organization—Adoption of a Provisional Constitution—The Organization of the Southern Confederacy—Jefferson Davis elected President—Biographical Sketches of Jefferson Davis, of Stephens, of the Cabinet Ministers of the Southern Confederacy, Meinmingcr, Toombs, Mallory, Walker, Benjamin.

CHAPTER IV.

Assembling of the Peace Congress at Washington—Proposals of Compromise—Attitude of President Buchanan—Public sentiment respecting Fort Sumter—Mission of-the \" Star of the West\"—Establishment of the Confederate Government at Montgomery—Inauguration of Jefferson Davis as President—Inauguration of President Lincoln—His Address—The famous Oration of A. H. Stephens at Savannah—Its historical importance—His First Position-—He refutes Jefferson, Hamilton, and Madison—His Second Position—The foundation stone of the Southern Confederacy

CHAPTER V.

The Mission of Mr. Yancey and his Associates to Europe— Their Representations to the French and English People— The Rebel Commissioners at Washington—Their absurd deportment—General Beauregard demands the Surrender of Fort Sumter—Preparations for the Bombardment of the Fort—Size and Strength of the Works—Sketch of Major Anderson—Sketch of General Beauregard—Commencement of the Bombardment—Incidents of the first Day\'s attack— Events of the ensuing Night—The continuance of the Bombardment during the next Day—Sufferings of the Garrison—Deputation from General Beauregard—Propositions of Surrender—They are accepted by Major Anderson—Why the Garrison was not reinforced—Proclamation of Governor Letcher—Proclamation of President Lincoln

CHAPTER VI.

Enthusiasm of the Rebel States—Projected Conquest of Washington—Proofs that it was contemplated —Seventy-five thousand troops ordered out—Davis issues Letters of Marque and Reprisal—Secession of Virginia—Blockade of the Southern Ports—Aspect of the Loyal States—The Attack of Federal Troops in Baltimore—Fury of the Rebel Mob—Results of the Attack—The Federal Forts are Garrisoned—Secession of Missouri—The Chicago Zouaves—The Gallant Ellsworth—Origin of the term Zouave—History of the French Zouaves in the Algeria, in the Crimea, in Italy—Their Peculiar Characteristics

CHAPTER VII.

Secession of Tennessee—Parson Brownlow—Declaration of War by the Confederate Congress—Skirmish near St. Louis —Secession element in Baltimore—Fort McHenry—Secession of North Carolina—Adjournment of the Rebel Congress to convene at Richmond—Assembly of Federal Troops at Washington—The Occupation of Alexandria—-Assassination of Colonel Ellsworth—Sketch of his Career—Famous Tour of the Chicago Zouaves—Ellsworth\'s Military tastes and talents—His personal appearance and characteristics—His peculiarities as a speaker—He organizes the New York Fire Zouaves—General Robert Patterson\'s Campaign in Virginia —Crossing the Potomac at Villiamsport—Battle of Falling Waters—Pursuit of the Enemy—The March to Bunker Hill —To Charlestown—Occupation of Harper\'s Ferry

CHAPTER VIII.

The encounters with the Rebel Troops at Fairfax Court House, at Acquia Creek, at Romney, at Philippi—Gallantry of Colonel Kelley—Battle of Great Bethel—Causes of the disaster— Death of Lieutenant Greble—Sketch of-his Career—Union sentiment in Western Virginia—The New State of Kanawha —Harper\'s Ferry devastated by the Rebels—The Ohio troops fired on near Vienna—Operations of General McClellan in Western Virginia—His admirable plans—The Battle of Rich Mountain—Colonel Rosecrnnz—J?esults of the engagement— Sketch of General McClellan—His Reconnoissance of the Cascade Mountains—His secret mission to the West Indies— His journey to the Crimea—His official report as Commissioner—His subsequent movements—He becomes Commander of the Department of Ohio

CHAPTER IX.

Extraordinary Session of Congress in July, 1861—Message of President Lincoln—Sketch of Thaddeus Stevens—His Political Career—His action as Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means—Important Bills passed by Congress—Messrs. Vallandigham and Burnett—The civil war in Missouri—The Grand Army equipped at Washington—Order given to General McDowell to advance toward Mant,ssas—Arrangement of the Army—The advance reach Bull Run—The preliminary conflict at that place—Position of the Rebel Army at Manassas— General Beauregard—The impending contest

CHAPTER X.

The Federal Army at Centreville—General McDowell\'s plan of attack—The divisions of Generals Tyler, Hunter and Heint-zelman—Their several duties—The march from Centreville— Interesting spectacle—General Tyler first reaches the Battlefield—He commences the Engagement—Movements of Generals Hunter and Heintzelman—The engagement becomes general—The Rebels gradually overpowered—The Federals victorious at mid-day—Rebel admissions to that effect— General Johnston\'s troops from Winchester\' arrive—They reverse the tide of victory—Sudden panic in the Federal Army—A general Retreat ensues—Incidents of the Flight— Results of the Battle—Failure of the Rebel Commanders to improve their Victory—Ultimate consequences

CHAPTER XI.

The impression produced on the public by the battle of Manasgas—Various causes of the Federal Defeat—The preceding March—Inferiority of numbers—Effect of Masked Batteries—incompetent officers—Remote position of the Reserves— Pernicious presence of Spectators—The Coup-de-grace— Arrival of General Johnston\'s troops on the field—Was the Defeat in reality a misfortune to the Union—Its immediate effects—Its influence on the Army—Its influence on the Administration—It was the cause of subsequent success to the Federal Forces

CHAPTER XII.

Increased energy of the Federal Government—Events in Missouri—Important battle at Carthage—Retrograde Movement of General Lyon to Springfield—Pursuit of the Rebels under Generals McCullochand Price—Condition of their army—The great Battle of Springfield—Temporary success of the Rebels —Incidents of the Contest—Heroism of General Lyon—His last effort against the enemy—Its success—General Lyon\'s death—Results of the Battle—Sketch of General Lyon— General Fremont made Commandant of the Department of Missouri—His Anti-slavery Proclamation—It is modified by President Lincoln

CHAPTER XIII.

Expedition against the Rebel Forts—The forces appropriated to this enterprise—Sailing of the Expedition—The Bombardment—The surrender of the Forts—Commodore Barron— Commodore Stringham—Results of the victory at Hatteras— Operations of Rosecranz—Battle At Carnifex Ferry—Defeat and flight of Floyd—Results of the Victory—Events in Missouri—Colonel Mulligan\'s forces at Lexington—Incidents of the Battle of Lexington—Surrender of Colonel Mulligan— Sketch of his Career—Battle at Bolivar—The Battle of Balls Bluff—Incidents of the Engagement—Defeat and rout of the Federal troops—Death of Colonel Baker—National sorrow at his Fate—Sketch of his remarkable Career

CHAPTER XIV.

Peculiarities of the War against Secession—Federal Expedition under CommodoreDupont and General Sherman—Its departure from Annapolis—Its destination—Terrible storm near Cape Hatteras—The Expedition reaches Port Royal—Rebel forts on Bay Point and Hilton Head—Incidents of the attack —Surrender of the Forts—Results of the Engagement—Naval disaster below New Orleans—Events in Missouri—Bold achievement of Colonel Zaponyi near Springfield—The Battle of Belmont—Its results—Dismissal of General Fremont from his Department of the West—Causes of his removal—His admirable demeanor on this occasion—His subsequent appointment as commander of the Mountain Department

CHAPTER XV.

European recognition of the Southern Confederacy—Mission of Messrs. Mason and Slidell—Their arrest—Legality of that Arrest—The British Government demand them—Reasons of their surrender—Diplomatic note of Mr. Seward on the subject—the Battle of Drainsville—Incidents of the engagement—General McCall—Sketch of his career —Dismissal of Mr. Cameron from the Federal Cabinet—The War in Kentucky—The Battle of Mill-Springs—Incidents of the Conflict —Death of General Felix Zollie offer—His character—Results of the Battle of Mill-Springs

CHAPTER XVI.

The Burnside Expedition—Its departure from Annapolis— Another gale off Cape Hatteras—Loss of the steamer City of New York—The Expedition enters Pamlico Sound—It steers for Roanoke Island—Rebel Works erected on that Island—The Federal troops disembark—Incidents of the engagement—Defeat and flight of the Rebels—Capture of their Forts—Results of the victory—Death of Colonel De Montueil—Sketch of General Burnside—Attack on Fort Henry—Strength of the Fort—Incidents of the Bombardment —Surrender of the Rebel Works—Loss on both sides—Skill and heroism of Commodore Foote—Sketch of his Career

CHAPTER XVII.

Position and strength of Fort Donelson—General Grant and Commodore Foote prepare to attack it—Repulse of the Gunboats—The assault from the land side—Proposition of General Buckner to surrender—The capitulation of the Fort— Results and trophies of the Conquest—Sketch of Ulysses S. Grant—Sketch of General Charles Ferguson Smith—Attack on the Rebels at Bloomery Gap—Sketch of General Lander— Re-election of Jefferson Davis as- President of the Southern Confederacy—Occupation of Columbus, Kentucky, by Federal troops- Desertion of Nashville by the Rebel Forces—The Rebel BauTing Ram Merrimac—Incidents of the engagement —Arrival of the Monitor in Hampton Roads—Battle between The Monitor at the Merrimac

CHAPTER XVIII.

Battle of Pea Ridge—General Curtis—Attack of the Rebels on the rear of the Federal Army—Gallantry of General Sigel—Continuance of the Battle on the second day—Incidents of the contest—It is renewed upon the third day—Rout of the Rebels—Sketches of Generals Curtis and Sigel—President Lincoln\'s orders to the Federal Armies—General McClellan\'s Address to the Army of the Potomac—Sudden evacuation of Manassas by the Rebels—Bombardment of Island Number Ten—Operations of General Pope—Artificial Channel cut through James Bayou—General Pope attacks the Rebels at Tiptonville—Capture of Island Number Ten—Sketch of General Pope—General Burnside attacks Newborn—The Rebels surrender—Consequences of this victory

CHAPTER XIX.

Movements of the Army of the Potomac—The battle of Winchester—Its results—Sketch of General Shields—Concentration of the Rebel troops near Corinth—Approach of the Federal Army under General Grant—Commencement of the Battle of Pittsburgh Landing—Attack and capture of General Prentiss\'s troops—Efforts of General Sherman and McClernand—Gradual repulse and retreat oj^the Federal Army— Terrific scenes—Interposition of the Federal Gunboats—End of the first day\'s Battle—Arrival of General Buell—The second day\'s Conflict—Incidents of this day—The tide of victory is gradually reversed—Ultimate defeat of the Rebels —Their retreat to Corinth—Results of the Battle of Shiloh.

CHAPTER XX.

The Federal Army under General McClellan approach York-town—Attack on detached Rebel Entrenchments—Establishment of the Federal Camp, and erection of Federal Batteries —Preparations for a conflict at Yorktown—Operations of General Mitchell in Alabama—Sketch of General Mitchell— Events in Georgia—Capture of Fort Pulaski—Strength of the Rebel Works—Incidents of the Bombardment of that Fort —The conquest of New Orleans—Federal armament under Commodore Farragut—Bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip—An engagement of six days—Reduction of these Forts—The Federal Fleet approach New Orleans—The Rebel troops evacuate it—The Summons to surrender—New Orleans occupied by Federal troops-Sketch of Commodore Farragut —The Bombardment of Fort Macon—Incidents of the assault—Results of its capture by the Federal Troops.

CHAPTER XXI.

Operations of General McClellan at Yorktown—Battle Lee\'s Mill—Retreat of the Federal troops—Evacuation ,i York-town by the Rebels—Pursuit by the Federals—Engagement between Cavalry near Williamsburg—Second conflict near Williamsburg—General Hooker\'s Division—Federal victory —Sketch of General Hancock—Battle at West Point—Boat of the Rebels—Bombardment of Sewall\'s Point—Expedition of General Wool against Norfolk—Operations of General Fremont in the Mountain Department—McDowell\'s Division at Fredericksburg—Rout of Colonel Morgan in Tennessee— Bombardment of Fort Wright commenced—Engagement of the Federal Gunboats at Fort Darling on James River— Advance of McClellan\'s Army towards Richmond —It crosses the Chickahominy—Decisive Engagement anticipated—General Hunter\'s Abolition Proclamation—President Lincoln\'s policy respecting It

CHAPTER XXII.

The Corps d\'armee of General Banks—Reduction of its numbers —The Rebels under Jackson attack the Advance at Front Royal—Design of the Rebels to overpower Banks\' Division— The latter orders a general retreat toward Winchester— Various Engagements on the route—Battle at Middletown— Action on the March to Winchester—Battle at Newtown— The Battle of Winchester—Its results—Continuance of the retreat to Williamsport—Adventure of the Zouaves D\'Afrique —Federal losses during the Retreat—Sketch of General Banks—Attitude of the Federal and Rebel Armies at Corinth— A great battle anticipated—Commencement of the attack by General Halleck—Its results—Evacuation of Corinth by the Rebels—Cause of this event—An extraordinary spectacle— Pursuit of the retreating foe—A reconnoissance on the Chickahominy—Skirmish at the Pines—The Battle of Hanover Court House—Destruction of the Richmond and Fredericksburg Railroad—Gallant Exploit of Lieutenant Davis

CHAPTER XXIII.

Approach of the Federal Army to Richmond—The Corps of General Keys cross the Chickahominy—Their exposed position—The Battle of Seven Pines—Position of the Federal troops—Commencement of the Attack—Disposition of troops made by General Casey—Rout of Casey\'s Division—General Conch\'s troops become engaged—Desperate fighting—Victory of the Rebels—The Federals reinforced—The Engagement of June first—Incidents of this Battle—Heroism of the Irish Regiments and of Sickles\' Excelsior Brigade—The victory of Fair Oaks—Popular impatience for \'the occupation of Richmond—General Fremont ordered to expel them — They abandon Winchester—Their retreat through Strasburg and -Woodstock—Battle of Cross Keys—Battle of Port Republic —Incidents of this Engagement—Retreat of General Jackson toward Richmond—Appointment of General Pope as Commander of the Department—Withdrawal of General Fremont —His military achievements—His true renown

CHAPTER XXIV.

Prominence of the Mississippi River in the events of the War— Fleet of Gunboats commanded by Commodore Davis—Evacuation of Fort Pillow—The Naval Battle before Memphis—Incidents of the Engagement—Defeat of the Rebel Fleet— General Negley\'s Expedition against Chattanooga—Incidents of the Expedition—General Morgan expels the Rebels from Cumberland Gap—Disaster to the Federal Arms at James Island—Incidents of the Engagement—Ultimate defeat of the Federal troops—Their Retreat—Gallantry of the Rebel Commander Lamar—Expedition of Colonel Fitch up the White River—The Engagement at St. Charles—Accident to the Mound City—Cruelty of Captain Fry—Capture of the Rebel Forts—Excursion of Colonel Howard from Newbern to Swift Creek—Bombardment of Vicksburg commenced—Perilous passage of Commodore Farragut\'s Fleet

CHAPTER XXV.

The Entrenchments of the Federal Army before Richmond— Their extent—Inactivity of the Federal Forces—Concentration of Rebel troops in Richmond—Glowing expectations of the loyal community—Their disappointment—The transfer of McClellan\'s base of supplies and operations to Harrison\'s Landing—First attack of the Rebels on his troops at Mechanicsville—Incidents of the Battle—Commencement of the march toward the James River—Battle of Gaines Mill— Desperate fighting—Heroism and valor on both sides—Vicissitudes of the Struggle—The Retreat continued toward James River—Disposal of the sick and wounded—Pertinacious pursuit by the Rebels—Singular Caravan of wagons, cattle, and fugitives—Battle of Peach Orchard—Its results—Battle at Savage\'s Station—Resolute Assaults of the enemy—Appalling scenes—Important results—The race to White Oak Swamp—The Federal troops win the race

CHAPTER XXVI.

The Battle of White Oak Swamp—Position and order of the Federal troops—Temporary panic—Desperate fighting—Fortunate assistance of the Gunboats on James River—Heroism\' and skill of General Heintzelman—A general Bayonet -Charge on the Rebels—Its results—First Engagement at Malvern Hill—Incidents of the Fight—The Irish Brigade—Complete defeat of the Rebels—The Federal Army removes to Harrison\'s Landing—Results of the several Battles before Richmond—Artillery Duel on the James River—General Hooker sent to reconnoitre and occupy Malvern Hill—The march thither—Engagement with the enemy—Their defeat—Immense Reinforcements ordered from Richmond—Return of the Federal troops to Harrison\'s Landing—Final evacuation of their Camp by the Federal Army—Its future Destination— Federal losses during the Peninsula Campaign

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HISTORY OFTHE CIVIL WAR

The American Civil War(1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States andseveral other names, was a civil war in the United States ofAmerica. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession fromthe United States and formed the Confederate States of America (theConfederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the UnitedStates (the Union), which was supported by all the free states andthe five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred toas "the North". In the presidential election of 1860, theRepublican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against theexpansion of slavery beyond the states in which it already existed.The Republican victory in that election resulted in seven Southernstates declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincolntook office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming USadministrations rejected the legality of secession, considering itrebellion. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederateforces attacked a US military installationat Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by callingfor a volunteer army from each state, leading to declarations ofsecession by four more Southern slave states. Both sides raisedarmies as the Union assumed control of the border states early inthe war and established a naval blockade. In September 1862,Lincoln\'s Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the Southa war goal, and dissuaded the British from intervening. Confederatecommander Robert E. Lee won battles in the east, but in 1863 hisnorthward advance was turned back after the Battle of Gettysburgand, in the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi Riverat the Battle of Vicksburg, thereby splitting the Confederacy.Long-term Union advantages in men and material were realized in 1864when Ulysses S. Grant fought battles of attrition against Lee, whileUnion general William Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia, and marchedto the sea. Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrenderedto Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. The AmericanCivil War was the deadliest war in American history, resulting inthe deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number ofcivilian casualties. Its legacy includes ending slavery in theUnited States, restoring the Union, and strengthening the role ofthe federal government. The social, political, economic and racialissues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era thatlasted to 1877, and brought changes that helped make the country aunited superpower.

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