SPLENDID OLD Yao Mien Hill Tribe Buffalo Bone Smoking Pipe FREE STAND
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SPLENDID OLD Yao Mien Hill Tribe Buffalo Bone Smoking Pipe FREE STAND:
$225.00
SPLENDID OLD Yao Mien Hill Tribe Buffalo Bone Smoking Pipe
FREE STAND
Handmade
I got this rare Yao Mien Hill Tribe smoking pipe during my most recent visit to Laos.Exquisitely handcrafted pipes such as thiswere used by men and women of the Yao Mien Hill Tribe for centuries.However, nowadays such pipes are very rare and difficult to find a procure. If you are a pipe lover, this piece should not be missed. (Note: I have included more info about the Yao Mien People below).
ATTENTION: THIS PIECE IS INTENDED FOR DECORATIVE PURPOSES ONLY.. NOT FOR ACTUAL USE.
Dimensions: Can be seen in photos above.
Materials: Buffalo Bone, Brass, Teak Wood
Age: Circa 1920
Don\'t let this unique opportunity pass you by... Buy It Now!
Thanks for your time and consideration... Dobuydon
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Yao peopleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the Yao ethnic group in Asia. For the Yao people of Africa, seeYao people (East Africa).\"Mien\" redirects here. For other uses, seeMien (disambiguation).This article containsChinesetext.Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofChinese characters.Yao people瑶族A Yao woman, Tiantouzhai, Longji Terraces, China, November 2010Total population(3,100,000)Regions with significant languages,Bunu,Pa-Hng,Lakkja,Mandarin Chinese,Shaozhou folk religion, minorityBuddhism
TheYao people(its majority branch is also known asMien;simplified Chinese:瑶族;traditional Chinese:瑤族;pinyin:Yáo zú;Vietnamese:người Dao) is a government classification for various minorities inChinaandVietnam. They are one of the 55 officially recognisedethnic minorities in Chinaand reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. They also form one of the54 ethnic groupsofficially recognised by Vietnam. In the last census in 2000, they numbered 2,637,421 in China and roughly 470,000 in Vietnam.
Yao style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: inherit;\">Contents[hide]- 1History
- 1.1Early history
- 1.2Laotian Civil War
- 1.3Immigration to the United States
- 2Culture, society, and economy
- 3Religion
- 4Groups and languages
- 4.1Mao (2004)
- 4.2Plains Yao
- 4.3Vietnam
- 5Distribution
- 5.1Guizhou
- 5.2Hunan
- 6Distribution
- 6.1By province
- 6.2By county
- 7Written languages
- 8See also
- 9References and sources
- 10Films
- 11External links
The origins of the Yao can be traced back 2000 years starting inHunan. The Yao andHmongwere among the rebels during theMiao Rebellionsagainst theMing dynasty. As theHan Chineseexpanded intoSouth China, the Yao retreated into the highlands between Hunan andGuizhouto the north andGuangdongandGuangxito the south, and stretching into EasternYunnan.[1]Around 1890, theGuangdonggovernment started taking action against Yao in northwestern Guangdong.[2]
The first Chineseexonymfor \"Yao people\" was thegraphic pejorativeyao猺(犭\"dog radical\" andyao䍃 phonetic) \"jackal\", which twentieth-centurylanguage reformschanged twice; first with the invented characteryao傜(亻\"human radical\") \"the Yao\", and then withyao瑤(玉 \"jade radical\") \"precious jade; green jasper\".
Laotian Civil War[edit]During theLaotian Civil War, Yao tribes of Laos had a good relationship withU.S.forces and were dubbed to be an \"efficient friendly force\". They fought in favour of government against the communists.[3]This relationship caused the new communist Laotian government to target Yao tribal groups for revenge once the war was over. This triggered further immigration intoThailand, where the tribes would be put into camps along the Thailand-Laos border.
Immigration to the United States[edit]After obtainingrefugeestatus from theThai governmentand with the help of theUnited Nations, many Yao people were able to obtain sponsorship into theUnited States(although many remain in Thailand). Most of the Yao who have immigrated to the United States have settled along the Western part of the U.S., mainly in Central and NorthernCaliforniasuch as Visalia, Fresno,Oakland,Oroville, Redding, Richmond,Sacramento, but also in parts ofOregonlikePortland, Salem, andBeavertonas well as the state ofWashingtoninSeattleand Renton. SeeMien Americanfor those identified as Mien.
Culture, society, and economy[edit]The back of a child in China in a Yao costumeA red Yao woman in VietnamYao society is traditionallypatrilineal, with sons inheriting from their fathers.Marriage between first cousinsis common. The Yao followpatrilocal residence.[4]
The Yao people have been farmers for over a thousand years, mostly rice cultivation through plowing, although a few practiceslash-and-burnagriculture. Where the Yao live nearby forested regions, they also engage in hunting.[4]
During theSouthern Song (1127–127), an imperial Chinese observer, Zhou Qufei, described the Yao as wearing distinctive fine blue clothing produced usingindigo.[5]
The Yao celebrate theirPan Wang(King Pan) festival annually on the sixteenth day of the tenthlunar month. The festival celebrates the mythical original story of the Yao people, and has evolved \"into a happy holiday for the Yao tocelebrate a good harvestandworship their ancestors.\"[6]
Religion[edit]Main article:Yao folk religionDaoismhas historically been important to the Yao.[7]Jinag Yingliang, in a 1948 study, argued that Yao religion was characterized by (1) a process of Han Chinese-influenced Daoisation (Chinese:道教化;pinyin:Dàojiào huà); (2) the endurance of pre-Daoistfolk religion; and (3) someBuddhist beliefs.
The description of Yao region is similar to the definition ofChinese folk religionas described by Arthur Wolf and Steve Sangren.[8]Scholar Zhang Youjun takes issue with claims of \"strong Buddhist influence\" on the Yao, arguing that \"although Yao ritual texts contain Buddhist expression, the Yao do not believe in Buddhism at all. They are resolutely Taoist.\"[8]
Groups and languages[edit]A Yao stilt house in VietnamThere are several distinct groups within the Yao nationality, and they speak several different languages, TheIu Miencomprise 70% of the Yao population.
- Hmong–Mien languages
- Kim Mun(also known as Lanten), more than 300,000 Yao people[3]
- Biao Mon, 20,000 speakers[4]
- Dzao Min, 60,000 speakers[5]
- Biao Min, 43,000 speakers[6]
- Hmongic languages
- Bunu languages
- Pa-Hng
- Younuo
- Kiong Nai
- Red Yao Village ChiefThe Mien speakMienic languages(simplified Chinese:勉语;traditional Chinese:勉語;pinyin:Miǎnyǔ), including:
- Mian–Jin languages
- Iu Mien, 2,172,000 speakers (1,699,750 in China, 350,000 in Vietnam, 40,000 in Thailand, 20,250 in Laos, 60,000 in the United States, 2,000 in France)[2]
- about 500,000 Yao speak Chinese dialects
In addition to China, Yao also live in northernVietnam(where they are calledDao), northernLaos, andMyanmar. There are around 60,000 Yao in northernThailand, where they are one of the six mainhill tribes. The lowland-living Lanten of Laos, who speakKim Mun, and the highland-living Iu Mien of Laos are two different Yao groups. There are also manyIu Mien Americans, mainly refugees from the highlands ofLaos. The Iu Mien do not call themselves \"Yao\". Not all \"Yao\" are Iu Mien. A group of 61,000 people onHainanspeak the Yao language Kim Mun; 139,000 speakers of Kim Mun live in other parts of China (YunnanandGuangxi), and 174,500 live in Laos and Vietnam.[9]
The Bunu call themselvesNuox[no˩˧],Buod nuox[po˦˧no˩˧],Dungb nuox[tuŋ˧no˩˧], or their official nameYaof zuf[ʑau˨˩su˨˩]. Only 258,000 of the 439,000 people categorised as Bunu in the 1982 census speak Bunu; 100,000 speak the Tai–KadaiZhuang languages, and 181,000 speak Chinese and the Tai–KadaiBouyei language.[citation needed]
Mao (2004)[edit]Mao Zongwu (2004:7-8)[10]gives a detailed list of various Yaoendonyms(i.e., self-designated names) and the Chinese names of various groups and clans associated with them. Endonyms are written in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetwithnumerical Chao tones.
- Autonymmjen31勉orju31 mjen31优勉: Pangu Yao 盘古瑶, Pan Yao 盘瑶, Panhu Yao 盘瓠瑶, Trans-Mountain / Guoshan Yao 过山瑶, Large-Board / Daban Yao 大板瑶, Small-Board / Xiaoban Yao 小板瑶, Board / Ban Yao 板瑶, Top-Board / Dingban Yao 顶板瑶, Sharp-Headed / Jiantou Yao 尖头瑶, Level-Headed / Pingtou Yao 平头瑶, Red-Head / Hongtou Yao 红头瑶, Arrow-Pole / Jian\'gan Yao 箭杆瑶, Cattle-Horn Yao / Niujiao 牛角瑶, Tu Yao 土瑶 (inHezhou, Guangxi), Native / Bendi Yao 本地瑶, Flowery / Hua Yao 花瑶 (inYangshuo County, Guangxi), Ao Yao 坳瑶, Zheng Yao 正瑶, Liang Yao 粮瑶
- Autonymkim33 mun33金门orkem53 di35 mun21甘迪门: Blue-Indigo / Landian Yao 蓝靛瑶, Shanzi Yao 山子瑶, Flowery-Headed / Huatou Yao 花头瑶, Sand / Sha Yao 沙瑶, Level-Headed / Pingtou Yao 平头瑶, Bazi Yao 坝子瑶
- Autonymbjau31 mɔn31标曼orɕi31 mun31史门: Min Yao 民瑶, \"Four Great\" Min Yao 四大民瑶
- Autonymbjau31 min31标敏ortɕau44 koŋ55 meŋ55交公勉: East Mountain / Dongshan Yao 东山瑶 (inQuanzhou County, Guangxi), Dog-Headed / Goutou Yao 狗头瑶
- Autonymdzau53 min53藻勉: Bapai Yao 八排瑶
- Autonymju21 ŋjɛn24优念,pjoŋ31 toa53 jeu31炳多优, orʂan33 tɕai33珊介: Red Yao 红瑶 (inLongsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County, Guangxi), Plains / Pingdi Yao 平地瑶
- Autonympu53 nu24布努: Beilou Yao 背篓瑶, Beilong Yao 背陇瑶, West Mountain / Xishan Yao 西山瑶, East Mountain Yao / Dongshan 东山瑶 (inBama Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi), Tudi Yao 土地瑶, Tu Yao 土瑶 (inPingguo CountyandMashan County, Guangxi), Mountain / Shan Yao 山瑶, Man Yao 蛮瑶, East Valley / Dongnong Yao 东弄瑶, West Valley / Xinong Yao 西弄瑶, Fan Yao 反瑶, Anding Yao 安定瑶, White Yao 白瑶, Black Yao 黑瑶, Black-Trouser / Heiku Yao 黑裤瑶, Long-Shirt / Changshan Yao 长衫瑶
- Autonymnau35 klau42瑙格劳orpou22 nou12包诺: White-Trouser / Baiku Yao 白裤瑶, Siting Yao 四亭瑶, Situan Yao 四团瑶
- Autonymkjɔŋ33 nai33炯奈: Hualan Yao 花蓝瑶
- Autonympa31 ŋ̥ŋ35巴哼: Dog Yao 狗瑶, Eight-Surname / Baxing Yao 八姓瑶, Red Yao 红瑶 (inLipingandCongjiangCounties of Guizhou;Rongshui Miao Autonomous Countyand Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County of Guangxi), Wood Yao 木瑶
- Autonymm̥n33 nai33唔奈: Flowery Yao 花瑶 (inLonghui,Dongkou,Chenxi, andXupu Countyand theTongdao Dong Autonomous Countyof Hunan)
- Autonymʑou13 nɔ13优诺: Red Yao 红瑶
- Autonymlak24 kja24拉珈: Tea Mountain / Chashan Yao 茶山瑶
Groups considered to be \"Plains Yao\" (Pingdi Yao 平地瑶) include:[11]
- AutonymBingduoyou 炳多尤(Pingdi Yao 平地瑶, Dainaijiang 代奈江): inJianghua Yao Autonomous County江华 of Hunan; Gongcheng 恭城, Fuchuan 富川, Zhongshan 钟山, and Lingui 临桂 counties of Guangxi
- AutonymYeheni 爷贺尼(Pingdi Yao 平地瑶): in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County 江华, Hunan (Jianghua County Almanac). The Yeheni speak a divergent Chinese dialect.
- AutonymYounian 优念(Pinghua-speaking Red Yao 平话红瑶;ʑou13 ȵen13): inLongsheng龙胜 andGuanyang灌阳 counties of Guangxi. According to Chen Qiguang (2013:30),[12]theʑəu21 ȵien21number about 10,000 speakers in Sishui 泗水, Madi 马堤, Mengshan 孟山, Jiangliu 江柳, and other locations ofLongsheng County.
- AutonymShanjie珊介(Shanzi Yao 山仔瑶): inFangcheng防城, Guangxi
- AutonymYoujia 优嘉(Yaojia 瑶家): inGuanyang County灌阳, Guangxi
- Jingdong Yao 景东县瑶族(autonym: Lewu people 乐舞人):Jingdong County景东彝族自治县, Yunnan. According to theJingdong County Almanac(1994:519), ethnic Yao numbered 3,889 individuals in 1990, and lived mainly in Chaqing 岔箐[13]and Dasongshu 大松树[14]of Taizhong 太忠乡.
Tim Doling (2010:82-83) lists the following Yao (spelledDaoin theVietnamese alphabet) subgroups innorthern Vietnam.[15]
- Mienic groups
- Kim Mien: Dao Tà Pán 大板瑶 (Dao Đại Bản, Dao Coóc Ngáng,[16]Dao Sừng[17]) of Ha Giang, Cao Bang, and Yen Bai; Red Dao of northern and Eastern Lao Cai; Hongtou Red Dao 红头瑶 in northern Lai Chau
- Kiem Mien: Red Dao of Sa Pa
- Kam Mien: Coin Dao of Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen, and Bac Can
- Kem Mien: Coin Dao of Hoa Binh and Son La
- Quần Chẹt Mien: Hoa Binh, Son La, Tuyen Quang, Bac Can (also called the Dao Nga Hoàng, Dao Sơn Đầu[17])
- Lô Gang Mien: Dao Lô Gang and Dao Đầu Trọc of Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, and Mong Cai
- Mungroups
- Kim Mun: Dao Làn Tiển 蓝靛瑶 (including the Dao Tuyển, Dao Áo Dài, and Dao Đầu Bằng)
- Kim Meun: Dao Quần Trắng 白裤瑶 and Dao Thanh Y 青衣瑶
- Im Mien: Black Dao of Dien Bien and Lai Chau; Red Dao of southern Lao Cai, Yen Bai, and Son La
According to Doling (2010), only Kim Mun, Kim Mien, and Lô Gang may be found outside Vietnam.
Nguyen (2004:14-15, 128) lists Đại Bản, Tiểu Bản, Khố Bạch, and Làn Tiẻn as the 4 primary subdivisions of ethnic Yao in Vietnam.[18]
- Đại Bản
- Dao Quần Chẹt(Dao Sơn Đầu, Dao Tam Đảo, Dao Nga Hoàng): located in Hoa Binh, Ha Tay, Phu Tho, Vinh Yen, Son La, Yen Bai
- Dao Thanh Phán(Dao Coóc Mùn, Dao Đội Ván, Dao Lô Gang, Dao Dụ Kiùn, Dao Thêu): located in Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Quang Ninh, Bac Giang
- Tiểu Bản
- Dao Tiền(Dao Đeo Tiền): located in Hoa Binh, Phu Tho, Son La, Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan
- Dao Đỏ(Hùng Thầu Dào, Dao Coóc Ngáng, Dao Quý Lâm): located in Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen
- Dao Quần Trắng: located in Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang (known asDao Họin Yen Bai, Lao Cai)
- Dao Thanh Y: located in Tuyen Quang, Bac Guang, Quang Ninh
The Yao ofGuizhouare found in the following locations (Guizhou Province Almanac贵州志 2002).[19]
- Libo County: townships of Yaoshan 瑶山, Yaolu 瑶麓, and Yao\'ai 瑶埃
- Shunhua Township 顺化瑶族乡 (1,316 people in 1992): Gongcun 贡村、Gaoka 高卡、Yibuwan 已补晚、Yishu 已树; Gaozizhai of Gaoshu Village 高抒村高仔寨
- Red Yao红瑶
- Cuili Township 翠里瑶族壮族乡: Gaomang 高忙、Xinzhai 新寨、Shujiawan 舒家湾、Wucai 乌菜、Jiage 架格、Baiyanchong 白岩冲、Raojia 饶家
- Xishan Township 西山镇: Cengang 岑杠、Gaojiao 高脚、Qiuka 秋卡
- Tashi Township 塔石瑶族水族乡 (2,979 people): Zedong 怎东村、Zaiyong 宰勇村、Dangxiang 党相村、Tashi 塔石村、Dangdiao 党调村、Zeba 怎贝村、Qiaoyang 乔央村.
- Dadi Township 达地镇: Longtanggou 龙塘沟、Paisong 排松、Pingzhai 平寨、Laozhai 老寨、Beilue 背略、Pangjia 庞家、Jieli 皆力、Gaolue 高略、Tongwu 同乌、Yeliao 也辽、Xiaowu 小巫、Baimizhai 白米寨、Hebian 河边
The Yao of Guizhou have various autonyms, such as:[19]
- toŋ55 mo55(董蒙), in Yaoshan 瑶山, Libo County. The Buyi people call themʑou21.
- nu55 hou33(努侯), in Yaolu 瑶麓, Libo County. The Shui people call themmiou35 lo55.
- tuŋ33 muŋ33(东蒙), in Yao\'ai 瑶埃, Libo County. The Buyi people call themʑou21.
- maŋ55(满), in Youmai 油迈, Wangmo County.
- ʑoŋ21 min21(容棉), in Rongjiang, Leishan, Danzhai, Jianhe, Congjiang, and Sandu Counties.
Some subgroups of ethnic Yao in Hunan include:[20]
- Pan Yao 盘瑶(Mian 勉): in Jianghua, Chenxian, Lanshan, Ningyuan, Daoxian, Guiyang, Lingling, Chengbu, Chenxi, Xinning; speak a Mienic language.
- Guoshan Yao 过山瑶: in Jianghua, Lanshan, Ningyuan; speak a Mienic language.
- Huajiao Yao 花脚瑶(Wunai 唔奈): in Longhui, Tongdao, Xupu, Chenxi; speak a Hmongic language.
- Batong Yao 八垌瑶: in Xinning; speak a Hmongic language.
- Pingdi Yao 平地瑶(Bingduoyou 炳多尤): in Jianghua, Jiangyong, and speak a Chinese dialect.
- Qixing Yao 七姓瑶: in Chenxi, and speak a Chinese dialect.
TheHunan Province Gazetteer(1997) gives the following autonyms for various peoples classified by the Chinese government as Yao.
- ju21 mien21尤棉: in much ofXiangxi Prefecture
- tom21 pen21 ju21董本尤: in Xintian County, Yizhang County, Changning County
- ku21 goŋ55 ju21谷岗尤: in Lanshan County, Jianghua County
- thou21 ju21土尤
- dzau21 min21藻敏: in Shuangpai County, Dao County, Ningyuan County
- Donglixiao 洞里销: in Xinning County; also called Bunu 布努, Donglixiao 峒里俏, or Dong Yao 峒瑶 (Xinning County Gazetteer2009). Their language is called Donghua 峒话.[21][22][23]
- mm21 nai33唔奈: in Longhui County, Xupu County
- piŋ21 toa52 jeu21炳多尤(also called Dainaijiang 代奈江): in Jianghua County, Jiangyong County
The Yao ofShaoyangPrefecture are found in the following locations (Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer1997). Population statistics are from 1990.
- Xinning County(12,756 Yao persons): Malin 麻林乡, Huangjin 黄金乡, Jingwei 靖位乡 (in Yuanshui 源水瑶族村)
- Dongkou County(8,473 Yao persons): Naxi 𦰡溪乡 (那溪乡), Changtang 长塘乡, Dawu 大屋乡; Yuexi 月溪, Zhaping 渣坪, Tongshan 桐山
- Longhui County(6,151 Yao persons): Huxingshan 虎形山乡, Mao\'ao 茅坳乡, Xiaoshajiang 小沙江镇, Qingshan 青山, Matangshan 麻塘山
- Chengbu County(2,276 Yao persons): Lanrong 兰蓉, Qingyuan 清源, Dayang 大阳, Tingping 汀坪, Pengdong 蓬洞, Yangmei 杨梅
- Suining County(1,641 Yao persons): Jinta 金趿, Shuikou 水口
TheShaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer(1997) reports that the Yao ofShaoyangPrefecture, Hunan speak the following languages.
- Mienic languages
- Dongkou County洞口: Dawu 大屋, Changtang 长塘
- Chengbu County城步: Qingyuan 清源, Lanrong 兰蓉
- Hmongic languages?: Huangjin 黄金 and Malin 麻林 ofXinning County
- Southern Dongdialect: Naxi 𦰡溪 (那溪),Dongkou Countyand Lianmin 联民,Suining County
- Longhui County隆回: Huxingshan 虎形山, Mao\'ao 茅坳, Xiaoshajiang 小沙江
The following population statistics of ethnic Yao in Hunan are from the 1990 Chinese census, as given in theHunan Province Gazetteer(1997).
Population ofethnic Yao in HunanCountyPopulation province[edit]By county[edit]County-level distribution of the Yao 2000 census
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >1% of county province1.11704,56463,274,173Dongkou county1,5511,639752,581Xinning county2,5914,438557,120Chenzhou city1,6370,5134,324,812Beihu district1,253,921314,477Rucheng county15,4552,955342,861Zixing city1,224,284351,581Yongzhou city9,57513,8315,367,106Shuangpai county4,907,916161,510Dao county5,9236,938624,199Jiangyong county62,39147,164235,893Ningyuan county2,1615,943738,259Lanshan county5,2917,608332937Xintian county1,826,541358831Jihua Yao autonomous county61,87270,889437835Huaihua city1,5571,9524639738Zhongfang county1,333,147236675Chenxi county6,7732,405478708Xupu county3,1825,398798983Hongjiang city1,477,137485061Guangdong province0,24202,66785225007Shaoguan city1,1331,0422735433Shixing county2,004,115205684Ruyuan Yao autonomous county10,7519,121177894Longmen county2,516,726267949Qingyuan city3,0596,0433146713Lianshan Zhuang Yao autonomous county14,3314,19599070Liannan Yao autonomous county52,2969,968133814Lianzhou city1,315,366409360Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region3,361,471,94643854538Xincheng district1,305,560426346Chengbei district1,505,901392726Shijiao district1,152,949256730Guilin city8,15375,9024614670Xiufeng district1,632,050125924Diecai district1,722,312134401Xiangshan district1,423,527249135Qixing district1,764,003227278Lingui county3,5314,957424182Lingchuan county3,2010,169318036Quanzhou county4,2927,984652963Xing\'an county2,358,317353920Yongfu county3,488,202235368Guanyang county7,7717,971231288Longshenggezu autonomous county17,5628,237160796Ziyuan county3,195,014156946Pingle county14,0855,553394575Lipu county7,4825,893346169Gongcheng Yao autonomous county58,60158,937271216Wuzhou city1,1532,0212796087Mengshan county12,0222,587187918Fangchenggang city4,6334,074735952Gangkou district1,371,462106403Fangcheng district6,5920,840316111Shangsi county4,228,666205307Dongxing city2,873,106108131Guigang city1,8671,0633827945Pingnan county6,2966,3911055782Nanning prefecture1,4368,9754839536Shanglin county6,5024,697379986Mashan county8,4833,873399439Liuzhou prefecture3,57125,8393522322Heshan city1,872,452131,249Luzhai county2,018,424418665Laibin county1,2510,475839790Rong\'an county1,885,313283029Sanjiang Dong autonomous county3,8811,798304,149Rongshui Miao autonomous county6,4827,560425,608Jinxiu Yao autonomous county37,4550,532134,934Xincheng county2,057,051343,556Hezhou prefecture12,49241,8221,936,849Hezhou city4,8441,130850,023Zhaoping county4,4615,746353,298Zhongshan county8,7540241460021Fuchuan Yao autonomous county52,91144,705273,507Baise prefecture3,82127,3513,332,096Baise city3,2911,211340,483Tiandong county4,6316,674360,123Pingguo county4,1616,344392,800Debao county1,845,085276,335Napo county2,744,661170,158Lingyun county21,0536,954175,573Leye county1,972,857144,816Tianlin county11,6427,559236,799Xilin county3,544,934139,282Hechi prefecture9,93349,8193,523,693Hechi city2,317,355318,348Yizhou city5,5430,436549,434Luocheng Mulao autonomous county1,213,903322,116Huanjiang Maonan autonomous county5,3617,807332,067Nandan county9,1829,284318,844Tian\'e county2,443,461141,649Fengshan county7,7112,714164,807Donglan county4,2910,581246,715Bama Yao autonomous county17,2437,706218,724Du\'an Yao autonomous county21,66117,609543,019Dahua Yao autonomous county21,4678,963367,970Guizhou province0,1344,39235,247,695Liping county1,105,046458,533Rongjiang county1,705,101300,369Congjiang county2,046,158301,513Majiang county3,356,807203,481Libo county3,455,915171,366Yunnan province0,45190,61042,360,089Honghe Hani Yi autonomous prefecture1,8676,9474,130,463Yuanyang county2,187,922362,950Jinping Miao Yao Dai autonomous county12,0037,937316,171Lvchun county3,466,968201,256Hekou Yao autonomous county22,1021,09795,451Wenshan Zhuang Miao autonomous prefecture2,5081,7743,268,553Malipo county7,0618,926267,986Guangnan county2,1615,781730,376Funing county10,3539,646382,913Jingdong Yi autonomous county1,154,063352,089Jiangcheng Hani Yi autonomous county3,943,946100,243Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture1,8818,679993,397Mengla county6,7715,944235,657Written languages[edit]
After the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of theCommunist Party of China(in session from 1977 to 1982), the Guangxi Nationality Institute and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences together created a new Yao writing system which was unified with the research results of the Yao-American scholar Yuēsè Hòu (Traditional Chinese: 約瑟·候/Simplified Chinese: 约瑟·候). The writing system was finalized at a one-day conference in 1984 in Ruyan County,Guangdong, which included Chinese professors Pan Chengqian (盤承乾/盘承乾), Deng Fanggui (鄧方貴/邓方贵), Liu Baoyuan (劉保元/刘保元), Su Defu (蘇德富/苏德富) and Yauz Mengh Borngh; Chinese government officials;Mien AmericansSengfo Chao (Zhao Fuming), Kao Chiem Chao (Zhao Youcai), and Chua Meng Chao; David T. Lee.
American linguist Herbert C. Purnell developed a curriculum and workshop presentations on language learning in East and Southeast Asia, as well as Yao Seng Deng fromThailand. The US delegation took the new writing system to the Iu Mien community in the United States where it was adopted with a vote of 78 to 7 by a conference ofMien Americancommunity leaders.[7]This writing system based on the Latin alphabet was designed to be pan-dialectal; it distinguishes 30 syllable initials, 121 syllable finals and eight tones.
For an example of how the unified alphabet is used to write Iu Mien, a common Yao language, seeIu Mien language.
There is a separate written standard for Bunu, since it is from theHmong/Miaoside, rather than the Mien/Yao side, of theMiao–Yao languagefamily.
Some people think that a variety of Yao is, or was, written inNüshu, an indigenous script in Southern part of Hunan Province in China. But this connection between Yao language and Nüshu is disputed, because Nüshu more likely recorded local Chinese dialect which might be also known by Yao people in Hunan.
Officially illiteracy and semi-literacy among the Yao in China still stood at 40.6% in 2002.[24]
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